Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Comparative risk analysis 399Table A10.4 Giardia.Reference Prevalence (%) Concentration NotesCattle/cows/calvesHeitman et al. (2002)
400Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthTable A10.5 Cryptosporidium.Reference Prevalence (%) Concentration NotesCattle/cows/calves A wide range of prevalence is reported in variousstudies, tending to be higher amongst youngstock(Atwill et al. 1999a&b, 2006). See also chapter 3 ofthis text.Davies et al. (2005a) – 331 / gdw, (ave.) Adult cattle; represents about 10 7 oocysts per animal perdayHeitman et al. (2002) 0–12 249 oocysts / g (ave.)Hoar et al. (2001) 1.1 – Canadian adult beef cattleHutchison et al.(2004/5)5.4 19 cfu/g (g.m.) C. parvum in fresh composite farm manure, UK.max. = 3.5 × 10 3 cfu/gMcAllister et al. (2005) 18.4 – Cows (Ontario, Canada)13 – Calves (British Columbia, Canada), max. = 132,000oocysts/gMcAllister et al. (2005) 1.1 12,323 / g (max.) CaliforniaNydam et al. (2001) – – An infected calf could produce 3.89 × 10 10 oocysts in 6daysSantín et al. (2008) 8.7, 36 – Cows, calvesStarkey et al. (2005) – 1.3 × 10 5 / g CalvesSwineFerguson et al. (2009) – – Australia. Prevalence highly variable; average sheddingrates from prior studies = 14.3 oocysts/g for adultsand 472 oocysts/g for juveniles (6–8 weeks old)Heitman et al. (2002) 0 – Canada(Continued)
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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World Health Organization and IWA P
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Published on behalf of the World He
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viAnimal Waste, Water Quality and H
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viiiAnimal Waste, Water Quality and
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xAnimal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
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2Animal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in li
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controlling E. coli-associated diar
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5Transport of microbial pollution i
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Transport of microbial pollution in
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196Animal Waste, Water Quality and
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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