Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

280Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthMuchiri, J., Ascolillo, L., Mugambi, M., Mutwiri, T., Ward, H. D., Naumova, E. N., Egorov,A. I., Cohen, S., Else, J. G. and Griffiths, J. K. (2009). Seasonality of cryptosporidiumoocyst detection in surface waters of Meru, Kenya as determined by two isolationmethods followed by PCR. J. Water Health, 7(1), 67–75.Nasser, A. M., Telser, L. and Nitzan, Y. (2007). Effect of sunlight on the infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvum in seawater. Can. J. Microbiol., 53, 1104–1105.Nichols, G. (2008). Chapter 4: Epidemiology. In: Cryptosporidium and Cryptosporidiosis,second edition, R. Fayer, L. Xiao eds. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.Noble, R. T., Lee, I. M. and Schiff, K. C. (2004). Inactivation of indicator micro-organismsfrom various sources of faecal contamination in seawater and freshwater. J. Appl.Microbiol., 96, 464–472.Obiri-Danso, K. and Jones, K. (1999). Distribution and seasonality of microbial indicatorsand thermophilic campylobacters in two freshwater bathing sites on the River Lune innorthwest England. J. Appl. Microbiol., 87(6), 822–832.Obiri-Danso, K., Paul, N. and Jones, K. (2001). The effects of UVB and temperature on thesurvival of natural populations and pure cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Camp. coli,Camp. lari and urease-positive thermophilic campylobacters (UPTC) in surface waters.J. Appl. Microbiol., 90, 256–267.Ono, K., Tsuji, H., Kumar Rai, S., Yamamoto, A., Masuda, K., Endo, T., Hotta, H.,Kawamura, T. and Uga, S. (2001). Contamination of river water byCryptosporidium parvum oocysts in Western Japan. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 67(9), 3832–3836.Percival, S. L., Chalmers, R. L., Embrey, M., Hunter, P. R., Sellwood, J. and Wyn-Jones, P.(2004). Microbiology of waterborne diseases. San Diego, CA, USA, ElsevierAcademic Press.Pond, K. (2005). Water recreation and disease — Plausibility of associated Infections: AcuteEffects, Sequelae and Mortality. London: IWA Publishing.Prüss-Üstün, A., Bos, R., Gore, F. and Bartram, J. (2008). Safer water, better health: Costs,benefits and sustainability of interventions to protect and promote health. Geneva:World Health Organization.Rhodes, M. W. and Kator, H. (1988). Survival of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. inestuarine environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54(12), 2902–2907.Robertson, L. J. and Gjerde, B. K. (2006). Fate of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardiacysts in the Norwegian aquatic environment over winter. Microbial Ecology, 52,597–602.Robertson, L. J., Campbell, A. T. and Smith, H. V. (1992). Survival of cryptosporidiumparvum oocysts under various environmental pressures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,58(11), 3494–3500.Roszak, D. B., Grimes, D. J. and Colwell, R. R. (1984). Viable but unrecoverable state ofSalmonella enteritidis in aquatic systems. Can. J. Microbiol., 30, 334–338.Sampson, R. W., Swiatnicki, S. A., Osinga, V. L., Supita, J. L., McDermott, C. M. andKleinheinz, G. T. (2006). Effects of temperature and sand on E. coli survival in anorthern lake water microcosm. J. Wat. Health, 4(3), 389–393.