Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads in livestock 77Table 3.2Examples of faecal production rates for various livestock species.Indexweight 2 (kg)Faecal production 1kganimal −1 d −1%ofbody wtReferenceDairy or beef calf: 50 1.65extrapolated frompre-weaned3.3% Wilkerson 1997Dairy heifers:yearling300 9.8 3.3% ASAE Standards2002 4Non-lactating cows 680 10.3 1.51% Wilkerson. 1997Lactating dairy cowaverage 14 kg/dmilk average29 kg/d milkaverage 34 kg/d614603NRNR25.336.2NRNR4.1%6.0%7.1%8.6%Wilkerson 1997Wilkerson 1997Johnson 2002Johnson 2002milk average51 kg/d milkBeef cattle 360 14.4 4.0% ASAE Standards 2002Feedlot steer: at entry 315 10.5 3.3% Tucker & Watts 1993Sheep 27 0.7 2.5% ASAE Standards 2002Pigs 61 2.7 4.5% ASAE Standards 2002Horses 450 18.5 4.1% ASAE Standards 2002ChickensLayerBroiler1.80.90.12 30.077 3 6.4% 38.5% 3 ASAE Standards 2002ASAE Standards 2002Turkeys 6.8 0.32 3 4.7% 3 ASAE Standards 2002Ducks 1.4 0.15 3 11% 3 ASAE Standards 20021 Excludes urine production, faecal mass as voided or wet weight.2 Weight (kg) used for estimating median or mean faecal production mass per animal per day.3 Includes all excreta.4 Erickson, Galen E.; Auvermann, B.; Eigenberg, R. A.; Greene, L. W.; Klopfenstein, TerryJ.; and Koelsch, Richard K., "Proposed Beef Cattle Manure Excretion and CharacteristicsStandard for ASAE" (2003). Conference Presentations and White Papers: Biological SystemsEngineering. Paper 2. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/biosysengpres/2NR = not reported.animals. To illustrate an example of comparing two different host species using thismetric, the environmental loading rate of Cryptosporidium spp. for a typical beefcow in the western USA ranged from 3,900 to 9,200 oocysts per animal per day(Atwill et al. 2003). In contrast, the oocyst production rate for the variousgenotypes of Cryptosporidium from California ground squirrels is about 58,000