Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Comparative risk analysis 383• Dilution, and• The effectiveness and reliability of implementation of actions taken tominimize contamination of the water from the source considered.More detailed discussion of mobilisation and transport, and means of assessing andminimising this, are presented in Chapters 6, 7 and 8. Growth of pathogens in theenvironment is assumed not to occur under scenarios relevant to this comparativerisk model.Question 6: Proximity of Source to Exposure Site. In addition to the effect of timeon the extent of pathogen inactivation (see Question 7, below), the likelihood thatthe pathogen will reach the water body is reduced due to absorption onto soilparticles, predation, and so on. Accordingly, risk to recreational water users willbe reduced the further the contamination source (i.e., the animals that are thesource of the faeces) is from the water body, or water supplying the water body.The question is phrased as a statement to be completed, that is, “Proximity ofsource to the exposure site is …” with four possible responses offered. Thoseresponses, and the relative risk assigned to them are:immediate (direct deposition) relative risk = 1close (
384Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Healthgiven mode of exposure (see Question 15) will be less, leading to decreasedprobability of infection. Question 8 is phrased as a statement to be completed,that is, “Dilution from Source to Exposure Site is…” with four possibleresponses offered. Those responses, and the relative risk assigned to them are:slight ( 500-fold) relative risk = 0.002The weights used are proportional to the means of the ranges of dilution specified.Question 9: Likelihood of mobilisation. Increased mobilisation of contaminantswill increase the load reaching the water body of concern. Mobilisation can beaffected by agricultural practices, for example, tile-drain systems are the mostfrequently reported route by which liquid manure can contaminate surface watercourses, but a range of other factors and practices affect mobilisation, forexample, the slope and direction of land and how it affects run-off, irrigationpractices, vegetation and so on. as discussed by Goss & Richards (2008).Question 9 is framed as a phrase to be completed: “The likelihood ofmobilisation is …” with four possible responses offered. Those responses, andthe relative risk arbitrarily assigned to them, are:high relative risk = 1medium relative risk = 0.1low relative risk = 0.01very unlikely relative risk = 0.001Questions 10 and 11: Effectiveness, and reliability of risk mitigating actions areincluded in recognition that sufficient knowledge exists to be able to reduce riskof contamination of surface water by various practices and actions, but only ifthey are reliably implemented. Such actions include “streambank retirement”,fences near waterways to prevent animal ingress, bridges over water courses toallow animals to cross without entering the water. The answers to both questionsare based on subjective assessments. Question 10 is framed as a statement to becompleted: “The effectiveness of risk mitigating factors is …“with five possibleresponses, as follows:absolute relative risk = 0extremely high relative risk = 0.0001high relative risk = 0.01medium relative risk = 0.1low relative risk = 1
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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World Health Organization and IWA P
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Published on behalf of the World He
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
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controlling E. coli-associated diar
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5Transport of microbial pollution i
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Transport of microbial pollution in
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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