Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

470Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthIncidence, 28, 33, 49, 54, 56, 58, 69, 95,100, 102, 112, 128, 145, 273,295–296, 300, 302, 304, 365,403, 408, 411, 416, 422, 433,435–436Indicator bacteria, 3, 6, 9, 189, 191, 193,249–251, 262, 278, 281, 287, 312,330, 344–345, 348, 350–352, 357,416, 420–425Indicators, 4, 6, 8, 12–13, 114, 185, 188,190–191, 252, 261–262, 265, 274,280, 283–284, 287–288, 295, 299,302, 308, 310–312, 314, 316–318,320–323, 325, 327, 329–331,333–335, 337–339, 341, 343–345,347–349, 351–359, 368, 406,416–417, 420–422, 426–427, 446Infection, 2, 18–19, 21, 27–38, 40, 42–44,46–49, 53–55, 57, 59–65, 67,70–71, 79–80, 85, 88–90, 93,95–102, 104–109, 112–114, 116,118–119, 122, 125–132, 136,140–142, 144–145, 148–151, 153,156, 236, 258–259, 269, 271, 273,275, 277, 292, 296–301, 303, 309,311, 316, 318–319, 339, 349, 366,369–372, 380–381, 384, 387,390–392, 403–409, 411–412, 416,423, 426–428InfectivityAssessing, 370Infiltration, 199, 201, 229, 237, 243,251, 341–342Ingestion rate, 373Inhalation, 270, 372In-stream ponds, 197, 234, 244Integrated risk assessment andmanagement, 179Intervention, 9, 53, 74, 78, 95, 97, 112, 123,129, 138–139, 141, 148, 151–154,285–287, 293, 296–300, 302, 309,326, 388, 429–432, 434–436,444–445, 456–457Jurisdiction, 6Lambs, 29, 54, 82–83, 104, 109–110, 127,135, 154, 395, 411Laundering, 263, 272Legislation, 154, 196, 274, 292, 326, 349Leptospira spp., 49, 272, 308Leptospira biflexa, 48Leptospira interrogans, 48Leptospirosis, 48–50, 59–60, 62–63, 69,117, 123–124, 128, 135, 151,272–273, 276, 278, 281, 285,297–298, 310, 312–313, 315, 317LivestockLivestock management, 240Livestock distribution, 240Livestock operations, 5, 258Livestock production, 8, 10–11, 50–51,74–76, 78, 95, 98, 103, 110, 120,407, 444Livestock wastes, 257, 260, 264, 267,269, 272, 275, 456Loading rate, 76–78, 80, 82, 84, 95, 97Malnutrition, 9, 28Manure Management, 51, 80, 138, 141, 403Mathematical modeling, 290Mean prevalence, 36, 94, 160, 161–166Measuring cost, 444Microbes, 6, 18, 132, 137, 199, 241,243–244, 246–248, 270, 331,409, 415Microbialattenuation, 170, 175, 180, 198–202, 204,206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216,218–220, 222–224, 226, 228,230–244, 246–248, 251, 254models, 9, 64, 96, 129, 138, 141, 153,157, 159–160, 175, 178–180, 185,190, 226, 242, 245, 269, 290, 302,307, 312, 315, 323–324, 345–346,353–354, 374, 380–381, 409, 439,457, 459