Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Assessing the importance of zoonotic waterborne pathogens 47greater risk of Campylobacter infections than their urban dwelling counterparts.Recent studies from Scotland, Germany and New Zealand have supported thesefindings (Fitzenberger et al. 2010, Strachan et al. 2009, Spencer et al. 2011).Strachan et al. (2009) also reported that children 5–14 yrs of age which are atgreatest risk of campylobacteriosis in urban centres were predominantly infectedwith poultry-related MLST types, while younger children (
48Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Healthadults (Coker et al. 2002). Many children have multiple bouts ofcampylobacteriosis before their third birthday. Campylobacter spp. are also themost common bacterial agents associated with traveler’s diarrhoea (de la CabadaBauche et al. 2011).While waterborne outbreaks of campylobacteriosis are less common than thoseassociated with C. parvum, G. duodenalis and E. coli O157:H7, they do occur.Outbreaks of campylobacteriosis are typically associated with the absence ordeficiencies in the chlorination of drinking water (Hrudey & Hrudey 2007, Saidet al. 2003). A large outbreak of waterborne disease in Walkerton, Ontario,Canada resulting in seven deaths and over 2,300 cases of gastro-intestinalillness was associated with infections by both E. coli O157:H7 and C. jejuni(Auld et al. 2004; Garg et al. 2006). In this outbreak, intense rainfall is thoughtto have washed excreta from a dairy farm into a well which supplied water tothe town. This contamination event coupled with a failure in the waterchlorination system is thought to have caused the outbreak. Similar but smalleroutbreaks associated with drinking-water have been reported in other regions ofCanada, Norway, Finland and Sweden (Jakopanec et al. 2008, Schőnberg-Norioet al. 2004, Schuster et al. 2005). Craun et al. (2010) reported that in the USACampylobacter spp. (mostly C. jejuni) was associated with 19 drinking waterdisease outbreaks (5,565 cases) as the sole pathogen and in another sixoutbreaks where more than one pathogen was involved between 1971 and 2006.Finally, campylobacteriosis has also been associated with recreational use ofwater (Kärenlampi et al. 2007, Schönberg-Norio et al. 2004).Leptospira RANK 2. Leptosporosis has a world-wide distribution (McBrideet al. 2005) and it has been estimated that there are more than 500,000 humancases of the illness each year with an approximate 10% case-fatality rate(McBride et al. 2005).Leptospires are spirochetes and members of the genus have until recently beenplaced into two species, with pathogenic members identified as L. interrogans andnon-pathogenic saprophytics assigned to the species L. biflexa. There are more than300 serovars of the organism and recent evidence, based on genome comparisonsof the organisms, suggests that there are as many as 20 different species of theorganism (Cerqueira & Picardeau 2009). Leptospirosis in domestic animals is asignificant cause of economic loss. It is associated with abortions, stillbirths andloss of milk production and is sometimes fatal in livestock.The organism enters the blood stream of human and animal hosts after crossingmucous membranes or broken skin. After the pathogen enters the blood stream itinvades and causes damage to endothelial cells lining small vessels in the liver,lung, kidney and placenta. Following infection a serogroup-specific immuneresponse ensues which results in clearance of the organism from the blood
Page 1 and 2:
Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
Page 3 and 4:
World Health Organization and IWA P
Page 5 and 6:
Published on behalf of the World He
Page 7 and 8: viAnimal Waste, Water Quality and H
Page 9 and 10: viiiAnimal Waste, Water Quality and
Page 11 and 12: xAnimal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
Page 13 and 14: 2Animal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
Page 21 and 22: 10Animal Waste, Water Quality and H
Page 57: 46Animal Waste, Water Quality and H
Page 84 and 85: 3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
Page 86 and 87: Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
Page 100 and 101: the cause of a variety of food- and
Page 108 and 109:
Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 122 and 123:
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
Page 128 and 129:
Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in li
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 134 and 135:
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
controlling E. coli-associated diar
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 152 and 153:
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 164 and 165:
Page 166 and 167:
Page 168 and 169:
5Transport of microbial pollution i
Page 170 and 171:
Transport of microbial pollution in
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199:
Page 200 and 201:
Page 202 and 203:
Page 204:
Page 207 and 208:
196Animal Waste, Water Quality and
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Page 223 and 224:
Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 268 and 269:
7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
Page 270 and 271:
Exposure 259main components influen
Page 272 and 273:
Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
Page 274 and 275:
Exposure 263contact activities, the
Page 276 and 277:
Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
Page 278 and 279:
Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
Page 280 and 281:
Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
Page 282 and 283:
Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
Page 284 and 285:
Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
Page 286 and 287:
are severely underreported. As with
Page 288 and 289:
Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
Page 290 and 291:
Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
Page 292:
Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
Page 311 and 312:
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
Page 341 and 342:
Page 343 and 344:
Page 345 and 346:
Page 347 and 348:
Page 349 and 350:
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
Page 355 and 356:
Page 357 and 358:
Page 359 and 360:
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
Page 365 and 366:
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Page 371 and 372:
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
Page 381 and 382:
Page 383 and 384:
Page 385 and 386:
Page 387 and 388:
Page 389 and 390:
Page 391 and 392:
Page 393 and 394:
Page 395 and 396:
Page 397 and 398:
Page 399 and 400:
Page 401 and 402:
Page 403 and 404:
Page 405 and 406:
Page 407 and 408:
Page 409 and 410:
Page 411 and 412:
Page 413 and 414:
Page 415 and 416:
Page 417 and 418:
Page 419 and 420:
Page 421 and 422:
Page 423 and 424:
Page 425 and 426:
Page 427 and 428:
Page 429 and 430:
Page 431 and 432:
Page 433 and 434:
Page 435 and 436:
Page 437 and 438:
Page 439 and 440:
Page 441 and 442:
Page 443 and 444:
Page 445 and 446:
Page 447 and 448:
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455 and 456:
Page 457 and 458:
Page 459 and 460:
Page 461 and 462:
Page 463 and 464:
Page 465 and 466:
Page 467 and 468:
Page 469 and 470:
Page 472 and 473:
IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
Page 474 and 475:
Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
Page 476 and 477:
Index 465Critical control points, 1
Page 478 and 479:
Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
Page 480 and 481:
Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
Page 482 and 483:
Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
Page 484 and 485:
Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
Page 486 and 487:
Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
show all

Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?