Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Transport of microbial pollution in catchment systems 161Table 5.1(Continued)Ranking Animal Age n* Mean prevalence Median prevalence4 Pigs juvenile 5 0.261 0.2195 Hedgehogs adult 1 0.250 0.2506 Pigs adult 7 0.221 0.0547 Rodents adult 9 0.209 0.2208 Poultry adult 3 0.200 0.2709 Kangaroos adult 2 0.194 0.19410 Goats adult 3 0.187 0.19011 Cattle adult 22 0.152 0.08212 Badgers adult 1 0.150 0.15013 Geese adult 2 0.117 0.11714 Horses juvenile 1 0.100 0.10015 Horses adult 3 0.100 0.08916 Deer juvenile 1 0.088 0.08817 Racoons adult 2 0.085 0.08518 Rabbits adult 2 0.068 0.06819 Cats adult 3 0.065 0.08320 Deer adult 5 0.060 0.060*Number of published studies (not the number of samples analysed).Figure 5.2 Mean prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts by animal species.
162Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthThe mean concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal faeces is shownin Table 5.2. The highest mean concentration of Cryptosporidium oocystsexcreted per gram of animal faeces was found for juvenile cattle (mean = 38115,n = 4), squirrels (mean = 27000, n = 2), rodents (mean = 25250, n = 4) andjuvenile sheep faeces (mean = 9135, n = 2), respectively. The most numerousstudies on Cryptosporidium oocyst prevalence in animal faeces have been carriedout on domestic livestock animals, cattle and sheep. These studies were pooledfor adult and juvenile animals to enable comparison of geographical regions(Figures 5.2 and 5.3).Table 5.2Concentration of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal faeces.Ranking Animal Age n* Meanconcentration/gMedianconcentration/g1 Cattle juvenile 4 38115 225002 Squirrels adult 2 27000 270003 Rodents adult 4 25250 270004 Sheep juvenile 2 9135 91355 Cattle adult 12 3830 46.256 Hedgehogs adult 1 3000 30007 Badgers adult 1 3000 30008 Bison adult 1 2369 23699 Poultry adult 1 2100 210010 Rabbits adult 2 2100 210011 Deer adult 3 2004 300012 Elk adult 2 1871 187113 Fox adult 2 1500 150014 Horses adult 2 1033.5 1033.515 Sheep adult 5 780.4 8816 Beavers adult 1 509 50917 Pigs juvenile 1 472 47218 Kangaroos adult 1 204 20419 Pigs adult 3 24.1 14.320 Geese adult 1 0 0*Number of published studies (not the number of samples analysed).The majority of studies of Cryptosporidium oocyst prevalence rates in cattlehave been carried out in either Europe or North America with fewer studies inAustralasia (Figure 5.3). Sporadic high rates of prevalence (>70%) were
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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