Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

Economic evaluation 441Table 12.1 Recreational water quality valuation studies and benefit estimates (UK£ 2006).Study Approach Location Stressor Quality change Value per visit Value/yearBarton (1998) Costa Rica Sewage, FC To swimmable – 101.34–121.6010% improvement 0.52 10.47Bockstael et al.(1987)Bocksteal et al.(1987)Bocksteal et al.(1989)Brouwer &Bronda(2004)Day et al.(2001)Choe et al.(1996)Feenberg &Mills (1980)Georgiou et al.RUM/TCM Boston, USA Oil, faecalcoliforms, CODRUM/TCM Boston, USA Turbidity, FC,CODCVM ChesapeakeBay, USA– Unacceptable toacceptableCVM Netherlands Sewage, FC Revised EUReduction inillness risk level from10/100 to 5/100swimmersCVM Ayr and Irvine,Scotland30% 1.37 33.10Sewage Current EU Mandatory –AyrCurrent EUMandatory – Irvine– 134.27– 24.44– 10.43–13.735.98–8.62CVM Philippines Sewage To swimmable – 10.13–20.27RUM/TCM Boston, USA Oil, total bacteria,colour10% improvement – 3.91(1998) 1 AchieveCurrent EUCVM East Anglia, UK Current EU Mandatory –Mandatory – Maintain– 16.2018.35(Continued)