Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Transport of microbial pollution in catchment systems 163reported in both Europe and Australasia; however, the highest prevalence reportedin North America was only in the range of 50–55%. Most studies of cattle faecesin North America report prevalence rates in the range of 5–10% (n = 7) whilestudies in Europe and Australasia show a broader distribution of prevalence(Figure 5.3). Figure 5.4 shows that it is common for prevalence ofCryptosporidium oocysts in sheep faeces to range between 5–30% in Europeanand North American studies. However all three regions had at least one studythat reported prevalence of >70% in sheep faeces. The higher rates ofprevalence of Cryptosporidium in cattle faeces were predominantly associatedwith juvenile compared to adult animals (Figure 5.5). The majority of studiesshowed that the mean prevalence rate in adult cattle was frequently in therange of 0–10%.Figure 5.3 Mean prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts in cattle faeces by region.The mean prevalence of Giardia cysts in animal faeces was highest in cat,muskrat, juvenile sheep and juvenile cattle faeces, respectively (see Table 5.3).The mean prevalence of Giardia cysts in animal faeces is also showngraphically in Figure 5.6. Although there were fewer studies investigatingGiardia compared to Cryptosporidium prevalence, it is interesting to note thelow prevalence of Giardia cysts in both adult and juvenile animals (Table 5.3,Figures 5.6 and 5.7).
164Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthFigure 5.4 Mean prevalence rates of Cryptosporidium oocysts in sheep faeces by region.Figure 5.5 Comparison of adult and juvenile mean prevalence of Cryptosporidium oocysts incattle faeces.
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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World Health Organization and IWA P
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Published on behalf of the World He
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viAnimal Waste, Water Quality and H
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viiiAnimal Waste, Water Quality and
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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Page 124 and 125: Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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