Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Comparative risk analysis 381at higher doses, with the asymptote being approached at doses that are at least anorder-of-magnitude higher than the ID 50 . 7 However, due to the effects of dilution,inactivation and the volume of water ingested, it is assumed that, in most practicalsituations, the dose ingested will be below the ID 50 for most pathogens. In caseswhere this assumption is not valid (e.g., direct contamination adjacent to a pointwhere people are exposed) the consequence will be an underestimation of therelative risk of other situations compared to that most extreme situation.The selection of the animal source of contamination in Question 1 is also is usedto assign a relative weight of faeces produced per animal type, which will alsoaffect the load. The following relative quantities of faeces per animal areassumed and used in the relative risk calculations:cattle relative quantity (= relative risk) = 1pigs relative quantity (= relative risk) = 0.17sheep relative quantity (= relative risk) = 0.06poultry relative quantity (= relative risk) = 0.00610.4.4.2 Estimating loadQuestions 2 to 5 relate to the load of pathogens expected to arise from the herd orflock considered as the source of contamination. The questions, and alternativeanswers provided, are relatively self-explanatory from the discussion presentedearlier, but the weightings applied are presented below for transparency. 8 Theyaim to estimate the load of pathogen entering the water body by estimating thelevel of pathogens based on the rate and scale of faecal contamination enteringthe water body on the basis of animal type, herd size, herd density andfrequency of contamination, and the manner in which contamination of thewater occurs. More detailed discussions of factors affecting load, andapproaches to minimising load in animal faeces, are presented in Chapters 3 and 4.Question 2: Density of Animal Population. The question is phrased as astatement to be completed, that is, “The density of the animal populationcausing contamination is …” with four possible responses offered. Thoseresponses, and the relative risk assigned to them are:high (>1000 per hectare) relative risk = 1medium (100 to 1000 per hectare) relative risk = 0.178The assumption will also be incorrect if the pathogens act co-operatively to cause infection anddisease, requiring more complex dose-response models (FAO/WHO, 2003).These weightings greatly simplify the complex set of “pathogen delivery processes” operating in theenvironment, such as modeled by Collins & Rutherford (2004) for E. coli.
382Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Healthlow (10 to 100 per hectare) relative risk = 0.01very low (
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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World Health Organization and IWA P
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Published on behalf of the World He
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
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controlling E. coli-associated diar
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5Transport of microbial pollution i
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Transport of microbial pollution in
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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