Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

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Comparative risk analysis 403relationship T 90 = –log 10 (0.1)/k =1/k]. Similar studies for Giardia have not been cited,but it seems plausible to assume that a similar situation applies.REFERENCESAçik, M. N., & Cetinkay, B. (2006). Heterogeneity of Campylobacter jejuni andCampylobacter coli strains from healthy sheep. Veterinary Microbiology, 115(4),370–375.AECL (Australian Egg Corporation Ltd.). (2005). National food safety risk profile of eggsand egg products. Downloaded 3 March 2010 from: http://esvc000410.wic023u.server-web.com/images/File/Research%20Reports/SAR47%20FINAL%20Food%20Safety%20Profile%20Eggs.pdfAIHW (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare) (2000). Australia’s health 2000: theseventh biennial health report of the Australian institute of health and welfare.Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Canberra, ACT, Australia.Anon. (1961). Typhoid traced to bathing at a polluted beach. Public Works, 92, 182.Atwill, E. R., Johnson, E., Klingborg, D. J., Veserat, G. M., Markegard, G., Jensen, W. A.,Pratt, D. W., Delmas, R. E., George, H. A., Forero, L. C., Philips, R. L., Barry, S. J.,McDougald, N. K., Gildersleeve, R. R., & Frost, W. E. (1999a). Age, geographic, andtemporal distribution of faecal shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts incow-calf herds. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 60, 420–425.Atwill, E. R., Johnson, E. M., & Pereira, M. d. G. C. (1999b). Association of herdcomposition, stocking rate, and duration of calving season with faecal shedding ofCryptosporidium parvum oocysts in beef herds. Journal of the American VeterinaryMedical Association, 215, 1833–1838.Atwill, E. R., Pereira, M. D. G. C., Alonso, L. H., Elmi, C., Epperson, W. B., Smith, R. et al.(2006). Environmental load of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from cattle manure infeedlots from the central and western United States. Journal of Environmental Quality,35, 200–206.Baker, M., Eyles, R., Bennett, J., & Nicol, C. (1999). Emergence of verotoxigenicEscherichia coli (VTEC) in New Zealand. New Zealand Public Health Report, 6,9–12.Bartram, J. (2003). Investigation of sporadic waterborne disease. In: Drinking water andinfectious disease: establishing the links. P. R. Hunter, M. Waite, & E. Ronchi(eds.), CRC Press/IWA Publishing, Boca Raton, LA, pp. 127–129.Berry, E. D., Woodbury, B. L., Nienaber, J. A., Eigenberg, R. A., Thurston, J. A., & Wells, J.E. (2007). Incidence and persistence of zoonotic bacterial and protozoan pathogens in abeef cattle feedlot runoff control–vegetative treatment system. Journal ofEnvironmental Quality, 36, 1873–1882.Besser, T. E., LeJeune, J. T., Rice, D. H., Berg, J., Stilborn, R. P., Kaya, K., Bae, W., &Hancock, D. D. (2005). Increasing prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in feedlotcattle through the feeding period. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 71,5752–5758.
404Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthBesser, T. E., Richards, B. L., Rice, D. H., & Hancock, D. D. (2001). Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in calves: infectious dose and direct contact transmission. Epidemiologyand Infection, 127, 555–560.Bicudo, J. R., & Goyal, S. M. (2003). Pathogens and manure management systems: areview. Environmental Technology, 24, 115–130.Black, R. E., Levine, M. M., Clements, M. L., Hughes, T. P., & Blaser, M. J. (1988).Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. Journal of InfectiousDiseases, 157, 472–479.Blaser, M. J. (1997). Epidemiologic and clinical features of Campylobacter jejuniinfections. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 176(Suppl.), S103–S105.Blaser, M. J., & Newman, L. S. (1982). A review of human salmonellosis: I. Infective dose.Reviews of Infectious Diseases, 4(6), 1096–1106.Bollaerts, K., Aerts, M., Faes, C., Grijspeerdt, K., Dewulf, J., & Mintiens, K. (2008). RiskAnalysis, 28(2), 427–440.Brown, P. E., Christensen, O. F., Clough, H. E., Diggle, P. J., Hart, C. A., Hazel, S.,Kemp, R., Leatherbarrow, A. J. H., Moore, A., Sutherst, J., Turner, J., Williams,N. J., Wright, E. J., & French, N. P. (2004). Frequency and spatial distribution ofenvironmental Campylobacter spp. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(11), 6501–6511.Caprioli, A., Morabito, S., Brugere, H., & Oswald, E. (2005). EnterohaemorrhagicEscherichia coli: emerging issues on virulence and modes of transmission.Veterinary Research, 3, 289–311.Cassin, M. H., Paoli, G. M., McColl, R. S., & Lammerding, A. M. (1996). A comment onHazard assessment of Listeria monocytogenes in the processing of bovine milk.(Journal of Food Protection, 57, 689–697, 1994). Journal of Food Protection, 59,341–343.Chapman, P. A. (2000). Sources of Escherichia coli O157 and experiences over the past15 years in Sheffield, UK. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88, 51S–60S.Chapman, P. A., Siddons, C. A., Cerdan Malo, A. T., & Harkin, M. A. (1997). A 1-yearstudy of Escherichia coli O157 in cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. Epidemiology andInfection, 119, 245–250.Chappell, C. L., Okhuysen, P. C., Sterling, C. R., Wang, C., Jakubowski, W., & Dupont, H.L. (1999). Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum in healthy adults with pre-existinganti-C. parvum serum immunoglobulin G. American Journal of Tropical Medicineand Hygiene, 60, 157–164.Chappell, C. L., Okhuysen, P., Langer-Curry, R., Widmer, G., Akiyoshi, D., Tanriverdi, S.,& Tzipori, S. (2006). Cryptosporidium hominis: experimental challenge of healthyadults. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 75(5), 851–857.Chase-Topping, M., Gally, D., Low, C., Matthews, L., & Woolhouse, M. (2008).Super-shedding and the link between human infection and livestock carriage ofEscherichia coli O157. Nature, 6, 904–912.Chase-Topping, M. E., McKendrick, I. J., Pearce, M. C., MacDonald, P., Matthews, L.,Halliday, J., Allison, L., Fenlon, D., Low, J. C., Gunn, G., & Woolhouse, M. E. J.
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Emerging Issues in Water and Infect
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World Health Organization and IWA P
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Published on behalf of the World He
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viAnimal Waste, Water Quality and H
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viiiAnimal Waste, Water Quality and
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xAnimal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
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2Animal Waste, Water Quality and Hu
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3Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogen loads
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the cause of a variety of food- and
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4Zoonotic waterbornepathogens in li
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Zoonotic waterborne pathogens in li
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controlling E. coli-associated diar
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5Transport of microbial pollution i
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Transport of microbial pollution in
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7ExposureWill Robertson and Gordon
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Exposure 259main components influen
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Exposure 261rainfall events (Atherh
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Exposure 263contact activities, the
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Exposure 265Table 7.1 Notable studi
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Exposure 267Table 7.2 Notable studi
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Exposure 269water than zoonotic pat
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Exposure 2711999). As suggested by
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Exposure 273leptospirosis is primar
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are severely underreported. As with
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Exposure 277duodenalis in surface w
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Exposure 279Keeley, A. and Faulkner
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Exposure 281Schultz-Fademrecht, C.,
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IndexAgricultural runoff, 122, 168,
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Index 463Biogas, 137-139, 291Bio-se
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Index 465Critical control points, 1
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Index 467290-291, 293, 295, 300, 30
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Index 469Hazard detection, 285Hazar
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Index 471pathogens, 2, 4-14, 17-21,
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Index 473Probiotics, 132-133Protozo
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Index 475Molecular, 16, 19, 22, 27,
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