Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

472Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthMorbidity, 41–42, 53, 98, 145, 300, 316,340, 433Mortality, 30, 41–42, 53, 98, 129, 280, 316,371, 406, 409, 433Multiple barriers, 117Nanotechnology, 309Non–point source (of contamination), 179,260, 283, 329, 337, 417Non–typhoid salmonella serovars, 117Non swimmers, 418–419Nowcasting, 290, 310Oocyst, 22, 30, 54, 77–78, 80–83,96–97, 107–108, 113, 127, 136,152, 160, 162, 279–280, 304, 409Opportunity costs, 429, 435, 444, 456Optical brighteners, 288, 322, 330, 347Oral ingestion, 270–271Outbreaks, 2, 18–26, 28, 30, 32–33,38–40, 42–44, 46, 48, 50, 53–54,57–58, 60–63, 66–68, 86–87,89–90, 93, 100, 106, 108, 110–111,114, 130, 143, 145, 154, 257,272–273, 277, 284, 294, 300–304,310–311, 314, 316, 364–366, 373,392, 404, 412, 423, 427Paratyphoid fever, 42, 57, 298Pastureland, 240PathogenPathogen–free animals, 120–121Pathogen loading, 75, 78, 96, 189Pathogenic microorganisms, 17,271–272, 411Pathogenic microbes, 18, 415Pathogen prevalence, 96, 122, 160,166–167, 379Pathogen selection, 364Pathogen transport, 10, 159, 180, 197PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), 30, 33,36, 288, 308, 312, 322, 325, 333,335, 337, 342Pesticides, 197, 237, 242Physical alterations, 291, 302Point source (of contamination), 3, 6, 179,196, 258, 260, 283, 289, 321, 325,329, 333, 337, 417, 450Pollution, 1–3, 5–6, 13, 15, 58, 98, 157, 159,161, 163, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173,175–177, 179, 181, 183, 185,187–194, 196–197, 240, 246–255,261, 277, 283–285, 287, 289, 292,295, 299, 306–308, 310, 312–314,316–317, 323–329, 333, 335–338,340–341, 344–346, 348–351,353–359, 373–374, 413, 417,427–429, 434, 437, 444, 446–451,456, 458Polymerase chain reaction, 33, 62, 70, 279,288–289, 350, 422Point sources, 3, 6, 179, 187, 196, 260, 289,321, 333, 337, 417, 450Ponds, 8, 31, 86, 197, 199, 202,204–205, 208, 234, 236–237, 244,248, 253–254, 291, 366,420–421, 424Poultry, 23–24, 43, 46–47, 61–62, 67, 74,89–94, 106–107, 112, 117–122,124–127, 133–136, 142, 144–148,150, 152–153, 155–156, 161–162,205, 208, 239, 249, 258, 265, 284,299–300, 332, 335, 353, 358,365–366, 369, 372, 376, 379, 381,395, 397–399, 401, 404, 408Prebiotics, 132–134Predictive models, 160, 290, 302, 312,323–324, 346, 354Prevalence, 3–10Point prevalence, 29, 76Seroprevalence, 31–32, 67, 317Prevention, 4, 11, 19–20, 98, 101, 112, 120,127, 142, 144, 153, 246, 249, 253,285–286, 293, 296–298, 310–314,339, 436, 457Primary contact, 264