Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health

462Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human HealthAnimals (continued)mammals, 1, 24–25, 27–29, 31, 33, 50,56, 58, 71, 83, 90, 296, 303muskrats, 29, 166pigs, 7, 26, 29, 31, 33, 35–36, 38, 50–51,54–55, 57, 64, 66, 74–75, 77, 90–92,100, 123, 136–137, 140, 147,149–150, 161–162, 165–167, 308,376, 379, 381, 404–405, 426poultry, 23–24, 43, 46–47, 61–62, 67, 74,89–94, 106–107, 112, 117–122,124–127, 133–136, 142, 144–148,150, 152–153, 155–156, 161–162,205, 208, 239, 249, 258, 265, 284,299–300, 332, 335, 353, 358,365–366, 369, 372, 376, 379, 381,395, 397–399, 401, 404, 408raccoons, 38, 124, 148, 150rats, 29, 166reptiles, 24, 27, 92rodents, 11, 24–27, 49, 83, 121, 124,161–162, 167, 272, 297–298ruminants, 23, 25, 27, 29, 38, 46, 54, 56,74, 85, 87, 101, 104, 112, 124, 130,142, 154, 299–300, 365sea lions, 32sheep, 11, 25, 29, 31, 44, 46, 67, 75, 77,79, 82–84, 88–92, 108–112, 114,122, 136–137, 146, 160, 162–165,167, 245, 247, 266, 268, 288, 299,303, 335, 358, 365–366, 369, 372,376, 380–381, 395, 397–399,401–402, 404–405, 409–412, 451starlings, 38, 89–90swine, 23–26, 51–52, 56, 61, 83, 94, 104,109, 112, 120–122, 124–125, 127,141, 147, 207, 255, 258, 265, 267,272, 276, 313, 366, 369, 372, 394,397–400, 404, 411tigers, 31turkeys, 31, 58, 75, 77, 94, 335water buffaloes, 36, 55, 70, 128–129, 149Animals, draught, 75, 78, 110, 129Antibiotics, 5, 44, 50–51, 53, 119, 123,135–137, 149, 291Antibiotics resistance, 10, 52, 135, 332,341Assessing severity, 371Attenuation, 170, 175, 180, 198–202, 204,206, 208, 210, 212, 214, 216,218–220, 222–224, 226, 228,230–244, 246–248, 251, 254Bacterial source tracking, 177, 190,350, 353Bacteriophage, 132, 134, 288, 291, 310, 354Bacterium/bacteria, 3–4, 6, 9, 11, 23–24,37, 44–45, 50–52, 56, 73, 85–87, 88,93, 95, 110–111, 113, 125, 127, 131,133–136, 140, 146–147, 170, 187,189–193, 229, 243, 248–254, 262,264, 269, 271, 278, 281, 287–289,299, 310, 312, 318, 320–321,329–331, 333, 342, 344–348,350–353, 357–360, 374, 409, 411,416, 420–425, 441, 446Anti–microbial resistant bacteria, 50–52Bacteroidales markers, 334Bathing, 1, 4–5, 12–15, 175–178, 180,186–188, 190–191, 194, 196, 248,250–251, 263, 265, 267–268,271–272, 274, 276–277, 280, 289,292, 296, 299, 302, 304–308, 310,313–315, 317–318, 323, 325–326,333, 336, 338, 340–345, 347–349,351–353, 357, 372, 402, 409, 413,415, 417–418, 420, 423–427, 430,445–459Benefits, 2, 7–8, 19, 51, 116, 135, 138–139,143, 148, 150, 156, 240, 251, 280,285, 295, 297, 318, 326, 343, 363,376, 430–435, 437, 439–440,445–446, 452, 454–459Best management practices (BMP), 178,185, 188, 195, 197, 248, 252–253,264, 287, 295, 314, 342, 352