Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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In coconut, diversification means the simultaneous growing of one or more crops in acoconut area. Cash crops or permanent crops can be grown depending on a number offactors. These are the environment (soil, topography, and climate), socio-economic (tenureand capital) and technical (available technology and management requirements) factors thatcould either be within or beyond the control of the farmers (PCARRD, 1993). Furthermore,eight important considerations have been identified in intercropping coconut. These are:amenability of coconut farms to intercropping, available market, favourable climate, suitablesoil conditions, favourable slope of the land, farmers’ resources and attitudes, technical andworking arrangements, and availability of good planting materials.A wide range of crops can be grown under coconut. Permanent crops like coffee,cacao, abaca, lanzones and other fruit trees can be established. Cash crops, on the otherhand, include corn, peanut, sweet potato, pineapple, banana, mungbean, arrowroot, ramie andvegetables, among others.As stated earlier, one or more permanent and cash crops can be grown under coconut.When a combination of crops of varying heights, rooting system, and canopy patterns tomaximize utilization of sunlight, soil nutrients, and moisture is grown, this is referred to as amulti-storey cropping pattern. This pattern consists of three levels, namely, coconut as thetop floor, perennials as the mid-storey crops and low-growing annuals as the ground floorcrops. Aside from the multi-storey cropping system, Felizardo (1988) reported that livestockand poultry are grown under coconut in a number of provinces in the country.The suitability of the above-mentioned crops as intercrops has been extensivelystudied. The climatic and soil requirements of most intercrops have been determined. Thereare a number of technoguides, brochures, manuals and pamphlets that detail crop varieties tobe used, cultural management practices and post-harvest and storage operations. In mostcases, the profitability of intercropping with coconut is included in these publications.3.3 Successful Crop Diversification PatternsTable 8 presents the documented successful crop diversification practices in thePhilippines. According to Adriano (1989), garlic production exceeded that of irrigated ricein the Ilocos region. Likewise, onion production was very profitable in the Central LuzonRegion. Similar results were reported by Gonzales in 1989; in Ilocos and Central Luzonregions, the highest profit was obtained from onion, peanut and garlic.As intercrops of coconut, passion fruit, banana, pineapple, and cacao have beendocumented to give high net returns. Research using black pepper + papaya/cacao +pineapple under 17-year old coconut conducted in Davao Research Centre produced a netprofit of PHP 8,234 per hectare per cropping as against PHP 2,494 from coconut alone.4. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF CROPDIVERSIFICATIONMoya and Miranda (1989) discussed the technical, social and institutional issues indiversifying rice areas. Technical issues include the intricate and differential relationshipsamong edaphic, climatic, hydrologic, biotic and agronomic properties of the flooded riceenvironment and dryland non-rice production systems. Socio-economic issues are hinged on99
profitability of cultivating non-rice crops compared to rice, availability of markets andunstable prices of non-rice crops. On the other hand, institutional issues include irrigationservice fee payment, level of government support and farmer participation.In the rice-onion cropping system, farmers encountered more economic thantechnical problems. Production-related problems include lack of capital and high cost ofinputs (Marzan, 1989).In a preliminary study conducted by Cablayan and Valera (1989), four constraints tocrop diversification were identified. These were dry season rainfall, availability of irrigationwater for rice, limited irrigation management and inappropriate on-farm irrigation anddrainage facilities. Furthermore, they noted that farmers in some areas were unfamiliar withgrowing non-rice crops under irrigation. Unstable farm gate prices deter many farmers frompracticing diversification.Adriano and Cabezon (1989) discussed in detail the emerging economic issues andconstraints to crop diversification. Vital economic issues include matching supply anddemand, reallocation of investments, and strengthening of institutional linkages.In a review on rainfed lowland rice-based cropping systems done by Obcemea et. al.(1996), a list of factors that influence farmers to diversify to non-rice crops was presented.These were income stability, increasing demand for vegetables and non-rice crops, andhigher profitability per unit area. Market supply and demand, stability of prices, cost ofinputs and quality of non-rice products were identified as economic factors affecting cropdiversification. Other equally important factors include availability of irrigation water, landsuitability, climatic conditions, availability of management technology, time constraintscaused by the presence of the rice crop, farmers’ preference, resource base, influence ofneighbouring farmers or extension agents, and land tenure.In a study involving 266 farmers cultivating tobacco, cotton, tomato, onion,mungbean, garlic, corn, and peanut, Gonzales-Intal and Valera (1989) identified conditionsconducive to crop diversification. These were low income from other sources, profitabilityas seen from other farmers, sufficient rice supply for one’s own consumption, availability ofseeds, insufficient water supply, experience, perception of high market prices for the crop,and presence of technical and institutional support.5. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROPDIVERSIFICATIONIn order to strengthen the agriculture sector, crop diversification was identified as astrategy in the Medium-Term Philippine development Plan, 1987-1992. This strategy waspursued to support food security, greater employment opportunities, increased farm incomes,and reduced dependence on traditional export commodities which are facing decliningdemand in the world market (Adriano and Cabezon, 1989).At the Department of Agriculture, a National Committee on Crop Diversification(NCCD) was created in 1992. This committee is inter-agency in nature and its main functionwas planning and implementation of a crop diversification programme. Four commoditybasedplans were prepared which include rice, corn, coconut and sugar cane. These plans100
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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