Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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y promoting diversified crops instead of a single crop; which took into account incomedistribution of farmers and natural resources conservation, including environmental issues.Therefore, the main concept implied in farm diversification (crops, livestock andfisheries) and crop diversification programmes should be placed in a proper perspective inorder to- respond to the objectives and goals of the farmers such as consumption, householdutilities, income etc;- increase farm income and provide a continuous income for farm families;- reduce farmers’ risk and encourage them to make their own farm plans;- promote various farm enterprises to avoid any risk and uncertainties from naturaldisasters and marketing setbacks;- encourage the farmers to recycle farm wastes and integrate farm activities such ascrops, livestock and fisheries;- minimize the use of external inputs; and- conserve the natural resources and balance the agro-ecosystems at the farm level.2. AGRICULTURE SITUATION IN THAILANDAbout 41.5 percent (21.28 million hectares) of the total area are farm holdings, withsome 17.5 percent of this presently under irrigation. This land, both irrigated and nonirrigated,is used by some 5.2 million farm families to produce agricultural goods fordomestic consumption and export.Among the large number of crops of economic significance, rice is the mostimportant which is widely grown in all regions and covers about half of the country’scultivated area. Other major field crops are cassava, corn, sugar cane, oil crops and perennialtrees such as para rubber, fruit trees cover the rest of the area. The utilization of farm land isas follows: 51 percent for paddy, 24 percent under field crops, 17 percent under fruit treesand other tree crops and others occupy 8 percent. The major planted areas of selected cropsare rice, maize, cassava and rubber. The planted area, yield, production and value ofeconomic crops in 1997/1998 are shown in Table 1.Table 1. Planted Area, Yield, Production and Value of Economic CropsCrops Area(1,000 ha.)Yield(ton/ha.)Production(1,000 tonnes)Value(Million of US$)Major rice 9,113.28 2.14 18,789 3,275.39Second rice 1,156.96 4.23 4,791 825.37Maize 1,396.64 3.20 3,832 421.52Cassava 1,071.04 14.93 15,591 491.12Sugar cane 943.52 49.68 46,873 594.12Para Rubber 1,831.04 1.42 2,169 1,262.90The National Economic and Social Development Plan also places emphasis on thecommercialization of agriculture, moving away from subsistence farming towards intensivemonocrop production for export. However, the proportion of the agricultural gross domesticproduct (GDP) declined to 25 percent in the 3 rd plan and less than 15 percent in the 7 th plan,131
espectively as shown in Table 2. The Table 3 indicates the GDP in agricultural sector fromthe 3 rd - 7 th plan which includes crops, livestock and fisheries, sharing about 60 percent, 8-10percent and 9-11 percent of GDP in the agriculture sector, respectively.Table 2. Gross Domestic Product Value during the 3 rd - 7 thNational Development PlanUnit : percentageSector 3 rd Plan1972-19764 th Plan1977-19815 th Plan1982-19866 th Plan1987-19917 th Plan1992-19961. Agriculture 25.08 21.39 19.01 14.88 10.302. Non-Agriculture 74.92 78.61 80.99 85.12 89.70Source: National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), 1997Table 3. Gross Domestic Product Value in Agricultural SectorUnit : percentageSector 3 rd Plan 4 th Plan 5 th Plan 6 th Plan 7 th Plan1972-1976 1977-1981 1982-1986 1987-1991 1992-1996Agriculture 100 100 100 100 100- Crop 60.8 60.7 63.2 61.9 61.3- Livestock 8.8 9.9 9.5 10.6 10.7- Fishery 9.8 9.7 9.7 10.7 11.7- Forestry 10.4 7.7 5.3 3.2 0.6- Simple AgricultureProcessing Productand AgricultureServices10.2 12 12.3 13.6 15.7Source: National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB), 1997The situation of import and export of crop products in 1997 showed that the principalagricultural products exported included rice, para rubber, cassava products, fruits andvegetables (fresh, frozen, processed and canned), non-glutinous and glutinous rice flour,canned pineapple, refined sugar etc. Principal agricultural products imported were paper andpaper products, soybean products, raw cotton and lint, wheat, palm oil, vegetable seeds etc.3. NEED FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENTDuring the past three decades, national development grew increasingly in variousaspects, in particular, industries, services and agriculture. Natural resources were muchutilized, both directly and indirectly, for production in each of the sectors. Agriculturalinputs were brought into use, i.e., fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Impact of suchdevelopment resulted in deforestation, soil fertility loss, drought, flooding and seriousoutbreaks of plant pests as well as pollution of soil, water and the atmosphere. Thai farmers,particularly rural poor and even average growers, could not produce as much as expected.They suffered accordingly from low production, low prices, but high cost of production.132
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
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should be attractive to justify the
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REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
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Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
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Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
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Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
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Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177: The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 178 and 179: • Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181: • Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183: minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185: LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187: SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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