Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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increased from 130 million ha to 158 million ha from 1988-1997. Large extents are in China(52 million ha), India (57 million ha) and Pakistan (17.6 million ha). In the other countriesland under irrigation varies widely. There appears to be potential for further increases inirrigated land in most countries of the Region.However due to the impending water scarcities in various countries some strategiesand action plans may be required to alleviate any adverse situations. The following strategiescould be used to overcome these problems:• Ensure productive use of water in surplus areas for food production without beingunder-utilized owing to adequate food supplies.• Develop markets or international mechanisms for reallocation of food from surplus todeficit areas.• Reduce pollution of surface and ground water due to unscientific irrigation practices.• Construct reservoirs for harvesting excess water especially in monsoonal regions.• Conserve water by better irrigation management practices such as drip irrigation.• Re-use and recycle waste water.• Transfer water from surplus locations as already practiced in some countries of theRegion.The principle of micro-irrigation to deliver water to the root zone as the crop needs it,is no less valid for fertilizer. The combination of irrigation water with fertilizer, known as"fertigation" will be an obvious solution to get maximum benefits from their inputs whileconserving the environment. Micro-irrigation will be an efficient tool to increase water useefficiency and its adoption is increasing. In Israel where these technologies have beenperfected, the micro-irrigated area has increased from 10,000 ha in 1975 to 104,000 ha in1999. FAO estimates that about 30,000 ha in the Near East Region or around 1.4 percent ofthe total area is under irrigation. In the Asia-Pacific Region also micro-irrigation is catchingup. In Sri Lanka many crops such as banana, vegetables and other floriculture crops,coconut etc., are micro-irrigated. This method has many advantages: all nutrients are appliedin soluble form and are readily available to the roots; absorption and precipitation processesin the soil are minimized, which is particularly important in the case of P and K; nutrients areplaced in the active root zone increasing fertilizer use efficiency and reducing labour cost;and nutrient formula and ratio can be changed according to the crop. These changes can bemade at different growth stages, and small doses at frequent intervals minimize osmoticstress in crops grown under saline conditions. Therefore, fertigation could economize onboth water and nutrient use, and hence it can conserve natural resources and protect theenvironment.There is significant scope for increasing food production through integration ofwater-based production and services. These include integrating aquaculture and fisheries, aconcept referred to as the farming of aquatic organisms into agricultural development efforts.4.4 Use of Improved SeedImproved seed is one of the major contributors to crop diversification throughdevelopment of appropriate cropping systems. The quality seed development at nationallevel will be essential for yield improvement. The increase in annual yield of rice from 1.9percent in the 1970’s to 28 percent during the 1990’s was attributed to use of improved seed161
coupled with better management practices. In most of the countries, estimated area plantedto HYVs has increased as shown in Table 1.Table 1. Estimated Areas planted to HYVs and Hybrid Rice(percentage of total rice areas) in Major Rice-Producing Countries of AsiaCountryBangladeshIndiaIndonesiaMyanmarPhilippinesSri LankaVietnamChina1989 1997HYVs 1 Hybrid Rice 2 HYVs Hybrid Rice 340.7--65.0--62.0--70.0Neg73.0--85.0--51.9--51.9--88.5--93.0--90.0--95.0------85.0Neg--50.045.050.01 IRRI, 19952 Yuan, 19963 FAO estimate (Neg = hybrid rice was planted to about 120,000 ha in Indiaand about 180,000 ha in Vietnam)Among other cereals, the highest coverage under modern varieties is for wheat. It isestimated that more than 70 percent of the wheat acreage in major wheat producing countries(Bangladesh, China, India and Pakistan) is under improved varieties. In other crops, use ofimproved varieties is not extensive, but there is plenty of scope as farmers are quiteresponsive to the new varieties and have increasingly adopted them as and when they arereleased for cultivation.4.5 Protected AgricultureThe most recent addition to crop diversification is the introduction of crop productionunder controlled environments. This concept known as protected agriculture has made rapidheadway, becoming popular among middle income agriculturists. Protected agriculture orcontrolled environment agriculture is the modification of the natural environment to achieveoptimum plant growth. In these systems various factors of the environment such as air,temperature, humidity, atmospheric gas composition, nutrient factors etc., are controlled.These technological developments coupled with use of high quality crop varieties areintegrated into a system of agricultural production, which is referred to as protectedagriculture.The main forms of protected agriculture include the use of mulches, row covers andpoly-tunnels. It has been a common practice to use organic mulches such as straw, deadleaves, coir dust etc., to modify the environment to make soil more favourable (weed andmoisture control) for plant growth. However, in the recent past these low cost agronomicpractices have received less attention from the farmers. Plastic mulches are also used for theproduction of high-value crops and pineapple plantations in Hawaii. Plastic mulches withdrip irrigation are widely used as irrigation water and fertilizers (fertigation) could be appliedtogether with the added advantage of reducing cost of production. Row covers have alsobeen used since the 1950’s. These are polyester sheets stretched over rows of plants as seen162
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
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should be attractive to justify the
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REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
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Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
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Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
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Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
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Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
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We know hill farmers face many prob
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Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
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3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
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With regard to success stories of c
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5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
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It recognizes the need for a differ
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
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2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
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In coconut, diversification means t
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were used in the preparation of the
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There are a variety of factors that
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Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
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Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
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Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177: The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 178 and 179: • Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181: • Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183: minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185: LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187: SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189: FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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