Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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About 78 percent of the rubber grown in the country is under the smallholder sectorand most of them have holdings of less than 3 hectares. The average output per tapped areain the smallholder sector is about 941 kg per hectare while that of the estate sector is about1,119 kg per hectare. The current shortage and high cost of labour has affected the tappingof rubber and thus rubber output. Although the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia(RRIM) has developed clones such as RRIM 900 and RRIM 2000 series that are superior inproducing both latex and wood, the adoption by smallholders is limited.In the case of oil palm, private estates account for the largest share of planted areas(49 percent), followed by Federal Land Schemes such as FELDA, FELCRA and RISDA (33percent), independent smallholders (10 percent) and state schemes (8 percent). The bulk ofMalaysia’s palm oil exports are confined to basic processed products. Other higher valueaddedproducts such as margarine, cooking oil, shortening, beta-carotene, and vitamin E areslowly but surely becoming more important.The area under cocoa cultivation is mainly in Sabah. However, the grinding factoriesare mainly located in Peninsular Malaysia. The high freight costs and low shippingfrequency between Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia has affected the competitiveness of theindustry.Most of the fruit cultivation is by smallholders. There are many types of fruits growndepending on the suitability of the crop in the area. However, there are a few public agenciessuch as FELCRA and state agencies that undertake large-scale cultivation of fruits. Thepopular fruits cultivated are banana, durian and dokong.Vegetable cultivation is dominated by smallholders. Most of them operate onsmallholdings close to urban areas. There are a few that operate larger holdings of 50 ormore acres under rainshelters. These are found in the southern state of Johor, which iscloser to the Singapore market. In the Cameron Highlands, vegetables are also grown andthe produce is transported daily to Kuala Lumpur. Lately, there has been a shift towardsfloriculture production in the highlands.4. CROP DIVERSIFICATION AS A STRATEGY FOR VARIOUS NATIONALCOMMITMENTSA provider of food will continue to be the role of agriculture in Malaysia. The eightmajor granary areas have been reserved for rice cultivation where new varieties or newtechnologies from Research and Development (R&D) work can be adopted. The area will beable to meet the changing domestic consumption needs towards high quality rice. The minigranary areas that support only one season of rice are free to choose what alternative crops toplant. It can still be one season of rice and another season of vegetables or other short-termcrops such as sweet potato, watermelon, or sweet corn.The agriculture sector through crop diversification can be the provider of high qualityraw materials to the industrial sector for the agro and resource-based industrial development.The industrial sector, which will be the engine of growth until the year 2020, requires thesupport of other sectors particularly the agriculture sector to get it moving efficiently and67
competitively. The linkage generates considerable employment, income, economic growthand reduces poverty.The cluster-based agro-industrial development as identified in the Second IndustrialMaster Plan (IMP2), 1996-2005, seeks to strengthen both inter and intra-sectoral linkagesincluding the development and expansion of intermediate and supporting industries.Through this approach, agricultural production will be more specialized to meet the needs ofvarious domestic and global market segments. This will encourage the production of highquality and high value produce, facilitate product differentiation and increase value-addedagriculture.5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF CROPDIVERSIFICATION5.1 ChallengesThere are many challenges facing the agricultural sector in general and cropdiversification in particular. Firstly, there is a need to reduce labour requirements inagriculture. There is an acute shortage of farm labour leading to high employment ofimmigrant workers in the agricultural sector. This is due partly to the slow adoption ofmechanization in certain production processes, especially harvesting.Secondly, there is a need to maximize land utilization. Land for agricultural activitiesis becoming more limited due to conversion for other uses such as industrial, residential andurban uses. Despite this, there are still substantial areas of idle agricultural land andabandoned holdings. It is estimated that there are about 400,000 hectares of idle agriculturalland all over the country and this has been and continues to be a big problem.There is a need to strengthen the competitiveness of Malaysian agriculture. Theimplementation of the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and theCommon Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme of the ASEAN Free Trade Area(AFTA) have created greater competition for Malaysian agriculture.There is a need to enhance private sector investment in food production. Totalprivate investment in agriculture during the 1990-95 period was only RM9.5 billion ascompared to RM84 billion in manufacturing.The smallholders need to be transformed into a more commercial sector. Efficiencygaps are still substantial between the smallholder and estate sector. The smallholder sectorcontinues to experience problems of low productivity and uneconomic holdings size.The concerns for environment and sustainable development at both the domestic andglobal levels require more innovative and efficient agricultural practices for economicdevelopment of the sector as well as to maintain the ecological and environmental balance ofthe country.5.2 OpportunitiesThere are tremendous opportunities for downstream activities. Where technologiesare available, they should be acquired and tried out. The higher prices for the final products68
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
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Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
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In order to maintain the growth rat
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REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187:
SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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