Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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should be attractive to justify the investment in these activities. Take for example theprocessed fruit industry. The industry that includes juices, puree, concentrates and processedfruit products has become one of the world's major agri-businesses. There are opportunitiesin this area such as minimally processed fruits, tropical fruit juices, natural food ingredients,functional food, modified food ingredients, health food, convenience food, frozen fruits,beverages and high fibre products.The changing consumer tastes for environmentally friendly goods or pesticide freegoods open the door for organic farming or soil-less culture techniques of production. Thepopularity of portable hydroponics containers among the hobbyists signals the opportunitiesfor bigger commercial ventures.As production becomes more competitive, there is a need to be more efficient, withhigh productivity and minimal costs. Precision farming through the use of advancedtechnologies such as remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), GlobalPositioning System (GPS) and Decision Support System (DSS) must be given dueconsideration. The oil palm plantations are showing keen interest in this venture for thegood of the industry.5.3 ProspectsThe demand for rice in both international and domestic markets is expected toincrease. In the domestic market, the consumption of rice is projected to increase from 1.8million tonnes in 1995 to 2.3 million tonnes in 2010 due to population increase. Under atight supply situation in the international market there exists prospects to expand domesticproduction of rice to cater for domestic demand. At the same time increasing income andhigher standards of living will lead to changing preferences towards higher quality rice.Given the price premium for high quality rice, there is potential for development of the riceindustry based on this product group.The prospects for growth of the fruit industry are bright due to the expected increasein domestic consumption of both fresh and processed fruits and expanding world demand fortropical fresh and processed fruits. Based on production capability and demand, there ispotential for the country to enhance production of fruits and be competitive to cater forselected fresh fruits demand in the domestic market and in niche export markets.Based on cost structure and demand, there are prospects for Malaysia to concentrateon production of high quality fresh vegetables for both domestic and export markets and alsoon a few selected vegetables for processing. Using high technology for growing vegetablesunder controlled environment, there is potential for production of high value temperatevegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, celery, leek and bell pepper in the lowlands forimport substitution.6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROPDIVERSIFICATIONIn the 1960’s and 1970’s, with abundant land and cheap labour, Malaysia pursued anexpansionary policy on rice and export crops such as rubber, oil palm and cocoa. TheGovernment undertook heavy investments in infrastructure, institutional building and new69
land development to develop these crops in order to earn foreign exchange, createemployment and income earning opportunities, as well as reduce poverty.The National Agricultural Policy (NAP) was promulgated in 1980. The emphasisthen was to continue new land development and consolidation of uneconomic farm sizethrough in-situ development. The policy stressed productivity-driven growth, recognizingthe need for the sector to be efficient to sustain agricultural growth in the long run.The period 1984-1990 marked an important threshold in the transformation anddevelopment of the Malaysian economy. This era saw the rapid expansion of themanufacturing sector. Favourable policies towards industrialization created conditions notattractive for agricultural investment and consequently led to the outflow of resources fromagriculture. The overall development of the agricultural sector was beset with problemsincluding labour shortages and rising wages, and increasing competition of land for otheruses.Subsequently, the first NAP was reviewed and the second NAP (1992-2010) wasintroduced. Greater emphasis was given to address productivity, efficiency andcompetitiveness issues in the context of sustainable development and linkages with othersectors of the economy. The policy also outlined both medium and long-term strategies forexpanding food production, a greater role of the private sector, marketing reform andaccelerated agro-based industrial development.In 1997 NAP2 was reviewed and NAP3 was formulated to cover the period 1998-2010. The overriding objective of NAP3 is the maximization of income through optimalutilization of resources in the sector. This includes maximizing agriculture’s contribution tonational income and export earnings as well as maximizing income of producers. NAP3 willcontinue to pursue agricultural growth through moderate expansion of land and furtherintensification of land use. There will be substantial reduction in rubber, rice, coconut andcocoa areas and most of these areas will be replaced by agroforestry, oil palm, fruits andvegetables cultivation. In Sabah and Sarawak where there are substantial land areas, newland development will be undertaken.7. CONCLUSIONSCrop diversification will continue to be practiced in Malaysia. Malaysia started withhorizontal diversification, and is now moving towards vertical diversification. A balanceddevelopment strategy between the various sectors of the economy is important to avoid awide disparity in income, reduce poverty, and provide good infrastructure development andutilities, better homes and quality of life.There are many challenges facing the country but there are opportunities andprospects. The Government is providing the direction in the form of NAP3 and IMP2 andthe private sector or the entrepreneurs should be able to take calculated risks in order toventure into the relevant businesses. As we approach globalization, competitiveness is theessence and high productivity and efficiency cannot be ignored. New technology orinnovative technology is an important vehicle towards competitiveness.70
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
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Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
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In order to maintain the growth rat
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REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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