Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Countries in Foodsand Agriculture in 1996OthersEngland17%JapanFrance3%6%Total Amountabout US$6.4billion38%Germany11%USA25%63
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN MALAYSIATunku Mahmud Bin Tunku Yahya *1. INTRODUCTIONAgricultural or crop diversification is practiced in Malaysia. Traditionally, horizontaldiversification or the cultivation of an increasing number of crops as opposed to one or twomajor crops is the practice. Oil palm, rubber, cocoa and rice have been and continue to bethe major crops grown by the private and public sectors. However, other crops such ascoconut, tropical fruits, vegetables, flowers, annual crops etc., are being grown by thesmallholders and the private sector.Vertical diversification that refers to the upstream and downstream activities of aparticular crop or crops is also being practiced. It starts from primary production (farmproducts), goes through primary and secondary processing and finally the finished products.The vertical variant gives increasing emphasis to intra and inter-sector linkages therebydeveloping the relevant value chain in order to be competitive.2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SCENARIOThe area under agriculture in Peninsular Malaysia increased from 33 percent in 1984to 37 percent in 1995 (Table 1). In Sarawak it increased from 26 percent in 1976 to 32percent in 1992 (Table 2), while in Sabah the area under agriculture increased from 7 percentin 1985 to 10 percent in 1991 (Table 3).The bulk of agriculture land in Malaysia is devoted to rubber, oil palm and rice(Table 4). Nevertheless, the acreage under rubber is on the decline since the early eighties.Oil palm has taken its place, showing an increasing trend from 1,482,400 hectares in 1985 to2,540,000 hectares in 1995 reflecting an average annual growth rate of 5.5 percent. Riceincreased from 655,000 hectares in 1985 to 670,000 hectares in 1995, with an average annualgrowth rate of 0.2 percent. Vegetables increased at an annual growth rate of 2.8 percentfrom 31,800 hectares in 1985 to 42,000 hectares in 1995. Fruits that include durians,pineapples, banana, papaya, starfruits etc., grew as fast as oil palm at 5.6 percent per annumfrom 150,100 hectares in 1985 to 260,000 hectares in 1995. Other crops showed decreasingtrends. Cocoa that reached a peak of 419,100 hectares in 1990, took a downturn in 1995 toabout 190,000 hectares. Coconut acreage reached the highest level of 334,100 hectares in1985 but started to decline to about 250,000 hectares in 1995. Pepper reached a peak of11,500 hectares in 1990 but declined to 10,000 hectares in 1995. Tobacco also declined to11,000 hectares in 1995 from 16,200 hectares in 1985.The contributions and performances of the selected crops from 1985 to 1995 arehighlighted below.* Senior Research Officer/Assistant Director, Economic and Technology Management Centre, MalaysiaAgricultural Research Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.64
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
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Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
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In order to maintain the growth rat
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REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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