Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents, Production and TradeCrop Area1,000 HaProduction1,000 MtExport1,000 MtImports1,000 MtTea 195 284 268 -Rubber 159 97 43 -Coconut 439 2808 mil 916.48 mil.-nuts nutsRice 781 2868 1.53 214Sugar cane 7,976 399 - 479Table 2. Extent, Production, and Imports of Major Field Crops in 1999Item Extent(ha)Production(Mt)Imports(Mt)Chilli 21,751 60,031 20,260Big-onion 4,597 62,729 83,960Red-onion 6,151 42,648 2,060Potato 2,171 27,175 128,862Maize 28,904 31,471 58,956Finger millet 6,797 5,137 277Sesame 8,654 4,775 1,091Green gram 15,362 13,805 7,258Black gram 8,658 6,730 4,928Groundnut 10,276 6,540 4,348Soybean 822 797 1,830Sweet potato 8,383 51,582 -Source: Department of Census and Statistics.Table 2 shows the extent, production and imports of the major field crops in SriLanka. These figures further explain that Sri Lanka is largely dependent on the important offield crops, irrespective of their feasibility for cultivation in the island.Table 3. Production Area and Imports of Major Fruit Crops in Sri Lanka, 1999Crop Area(ha)Production(1,000 Fruits)Exports(Mt)Imports in 1998(Mt)Banana 48,075 3310,600 bunches 1.250 9,000Cashew 21,218 1898,326 149.803 -Lime 6,955 117,663 - -Mango 25,800 431,214 3.658 -Orange 3,464 23,998 0.081 5,602.199Papaya 3,476 26,874 2.184 21.925Passion fruit 425 6,202 - -Pineapple 4,774 32,626 2,102.069 -Grapes - 1,486.46Source: Department of Census and Statistics.Imports: Department of Customs.115
Total export of fruits was around 7,000 Mt in 1999 and the total production ofvegetables has been estimated to be 554,641 Mt in 1999. Table 3 shows that Sri Lankaimports mainly grapes and oranges.Table 4. Production of Export Crops in 1999Crop Production(Mt)Coffee 2422Cocoa 1538Cinnamon Bark 11503Leaf oil 139Pepper 4557Cloves 1902Cardamom 70Citronella oil 108Nutmeg 1335Source: Central Bank Reports 1999The total land area under export crops was 91,106 ha and the total earnings reachedRs. 11,598 Million in 1999.3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONCrop diversification in the country has taken place in different agro-ecologicalsettings. The governing factors behind this diversification in each setting were different andfurthermore, the diversification occurs independently in different agro-ecological regions indifferent time periods. The major agro-ecological settings where crop diversification hasbeen achieved can be identified as follows:a) Low country Dry zone - Major Irrigation schemes.b) Low country Dry zone - Minor irrigation schemes.c) Up, mid and low country Intermediate zones - Anicut schemes and rainfed rice fields.d) Low country wet zone - Wetland rice fields.e) Mid country - Marginal tea and rubber lands.3.1 Crop Diversification in Major Irrigation SchemesMost of the planning for irrigation schemes took place in the latter part of the 1950’sand in the 1960’s. A large extent of land was opened for irrigated cropping with theimplementation of these plans. Rice varieties with high yielding ability and better agronomicpractices for rice cultivation were also developed in the same period and as a result, riceproduction was expected to surpass the level of self-sufficiency. In order to overcome apossible saturation of rice production, the government planned to introduce cropdiversification to the major irrigation schemes. In addition, they realized the importance ofcultivating non-rice crops to obtain the best returns from the resources such as land andwater. The new irrigation systems were designed with facilities for irrigation managementfor crop diversification. Land terrain was developed to cultivate non-rice crops in well116
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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