Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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• Database and information material accessed/consulted.Introduction to and Expansion of Palms in AfricaSemi-arid (including long dry season) regions are often subject to total loss of annualcrops through drought or concentrated rains. These crops demand constant soil disturbancein their cultivation, leading to environmental degradation. The establishment of palm speciesadapted to specific agro-ecological conditions would help to alleviate such fluctuations andhelp to protect annual crops and to maintain ecological stability. This, in turn, would help inthe establishment of a more balanced generic floric and faunic system; vital in sustainableIntegrated Crop Management. Palms are prime candidates for income generation, foodsecurity and biodiversity enhancement through environmental stabilization, particularly insemi-arid and sub-humid areas. The major and long-term results will fix rural populations intheir environment. Medium-term benefits will establish pilot projects upon whichinstitutions can extrapolate to similar ecologies and procure additional funding forexpansion.Through globally integrated networks, including CG centers, FAO can readilyidentify opportunities for transfer of technology on palm species potentially adapted to thetarget environments. AGPC has a proven record of success in technology transfer related tothis major output (dates and oil palm) which can be expanded to similar edaphoclimaticconditions and with new introductions to these and other environments. Regular Programmepilot establishment projects will lead to funding from TCP and/or donor and commercialparticipation. Specifically the major output will consist of:• Descriptions of the species, products and agro-ecological requirements.• Exchange of information on cultivation techniques.• An umbrella of related palm networks.• Pilot introduction or expansion tests.The Effects of the Major Output will be the following:Results of pilot projects and provision of technical information will demonstrate thepotential for perennial crop base broadening for food security and income generation infragile ecologies. It will catalyze the use of palms in perennial/annual crop systems and, inthe long-term, enhance environmental protection.The Indicators of Achieving Major Output Effects are:• Community uptake of transferred technology, requests for expansion.• Degree of government, donor or private industry involvement.Technology Transfer for Integrated Greenhouse Crop Production and ProtectionManagementIn the context of liberalized market exchanges, greenhouse crop productiontechnology offers the possibility to engage and compete with high-value horticultural cropsand to sustain the production throughout the year for continued market supply with fresh171
produce. This is of particular interest in meeting the demand for new market niches withvegetable and floriculture products. The real potential for increased productivity, controlover quality and timing of the production are the real assets.In addition, protected cultivation techniques will allow a more efficient use of naturalresources and a reduction in the application of pesticides. It should be realized that in therace for increased productivity, farmers have often resorted to the excessive use of inputs andspecifically mineral fertilizers, pesticides and also irrigation water. These practices are athreat to soil and ground water pollution leading to health hazards for both the producers andconsumers. By growing plants in a controlled environment, the conditions are created forreducing the reliance on pesticides applications and for allowing considerable savings onwater and fertilizer requirements while catering for high quality and safe produce with highermarket value. Assistance will be provided to member countries through technical advise andtraining for the adoption of Integrated Greenhouse Production and Protection Management(IGPP) by the farmers. The IGPP strategy is proposed as an integrated package combiningcrop management, climate control and technology, including substrate and hydroponiccultivation aiming at the reduction in use of water, fertilizers and pesticides.Capacity building will be provided for the design, construction and assembling ofgreenhouses within the country in order to create job opportunities and to lower the price.Priority attention will be given to the adoption of agronomic and technological solutionsaiming at the avoidance of environmental pollution and meeting the requirements ofinternational standards in regard to LMR (Limit of Maximum Residues) as established i.a. bythe EU. Through inter-country cooperation and networking IGPP packages will beexperimented and validated. Information will be compiled and circulated through moderncommunication aids including web-site. Greenhouse crop technology is particularly suitedto vulnerable and difficult environments including arid and semi-arid regions of North Africaand the Near East as well as high rainfall areas in the humid tropics of tropical Africa, Latinand Central America, Caribbean, Asia, Pacific and Indian Ocean. Greenhouse cropproduction is expected to be particularly attractive to the young graduates and other privatefarmers who look for a more "technified" and business oriented agriculture. This output willstrengthen the SPFS and specifically it's "intensification" and "water management"components. It will allow to convert areas with less natural potential into highly productiveand income generating agriculture areas. Further more the greenhouse creates an attractiveworking environment to facilitate the work of women irrespective of the outside weatherconditions and time of the year. The final success will depend on the availability of marketoutlets. Therefore, continuous monitoring of market opportunities need to be made andspecial attention will also be given to the socio-economic constraints, including access tosmall credits for the establishment of small-scale, family type greenhouse units.The Effects of the Major Output will be:• Awareness about the advantages of Greenhouse Crop Technology.• Increased income and productivity; reduced pesticides applications, improved WUE.• Countries have formulated a strategy for Greenhouse development within the overallagriculture development policy.• Knowledge base available about Integrated Greenhouse Production and ProtectionManagement.• Better crop management practices are applied resulting in better labour comfort andefficiency.172
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
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should be attractive to justify the
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REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
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Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
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Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
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Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
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Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
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We know hill farmers face many prob
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Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
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3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
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With regard to success stories of c
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5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
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It recognizes the need for a differ
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
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2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
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In coconut, diversification means t
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were used in the preparation of the
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There are a variety of factors that
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Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
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Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
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Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
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Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177: The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 180 and 181: • Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183: minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185: LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187: SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189: FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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