Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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environment protection. Special attention should be paid to encourage testing, adoption andpopularization of various developmental models that combine the overall interests of cropdiversification. Attention must also be paid to the adoption of suitable agro-technology forimprovement of crop diversification, so as to lower the loss of agro-resources, enhance thesound management of agro-ecological systems, and guarantee the sustainable developmentof an agricultural system based primarily on the concept of crop diversification.31
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN INDIAC.R. Hazra *1. INTRODUCTIONIndia is a country of about one billion people. More than 70 percent of India'spopulation lives in rural areas where the main occupation is agriculture. Indian agriculture ischaracterized by small farm holdings. The average farm size is only 1.57 hectares. Around93 percent of farmers have land holdings smaller than 4 ha and they cultivate nearly 55percent of the arable land. On the other hand, only 1.6 of the farmers have operational landholdings above 10 ha and they utilize 17.4 percent of the total cultivated land. Due to diverseagro-climatic conditions in the country, a large number of agricultural items are produced.Broadly, these can be classified into two groups - foodgrains crops and commercial crops.Due to the challenge of feeding our vast population and the experience of food shortages inthe pre-independence era, 'self reliance' in foodgrains has been the cornerstone of ourpolicies in the last 50 years. Around 66 percent of the total cultivated area is under foodgraincrops (cereals and pulses). Concurrently, commercial agriculture developed for whateverreasons in the pre-independent phase also kept flourishing during the post independentperiod. Commercial agriculture not only catered to the domestic market but has also beenone of the major earners of foreign exchange for the country.Crop diversification is intended to give a wider choice in the production of a varietyof crops in a given area so as to expand production related activities on various crops andalso to lessen risk. Crop diversification in India is generally viewed as a shift fromtraditionally grown less remunerative crops to more remunerative crops. The crop shift(diversification) also takes place due to governmental policies and thrust on some crops overa given time, for example creation of the Technology Mission on Oilseeds (TMO) to givethrust on oilseeds production as a national need for the country's requirement for lessdependency on imports. Market infrastructure development and certain other price relatedsupports also induce crop shift. Often low volume high-value crops like spices also aid incrop diversification. Higher profitability and also the resilience/stability in production alsoinduce crop diversification, for example sugar cane replacing rice and wheat. Cropdiversification and also the growing of large number of crops are practiced in rainfed lands toreduce the risk factor of crop failures due to drought or less rains. Crop substitution and shiftare also taking place in the areas with distinct soil problems. For example, the growing ofrice in high water table areas replacing oilseeds, pulses and cotton; promotion of soybean inplace of sorghum in vertisols (medium and deep black soils) etc.* Agriculture Commissioner, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, KrishiBhawan, New Delhi, India.32
Page 2 and 3: RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
Page 4 and 5: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
Page 6 and 7: 13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
Page 10 and 11: New opportunities that would benefi
Page 12 and 13: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
Page 14 and 15: (CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
Page 16 and 17: SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
Page 18 and 19: Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91:
We know hill farmers face many prob
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Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
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3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
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With regard to success stories of c
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5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
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It recognizes the need for a differ
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
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2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
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In coconut, diversification means t
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were used in the preparation of the
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There are a variety of factors that
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Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
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Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
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Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
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Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
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Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
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In order to maintain the growth rat
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REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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