Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNguyen Van Luat *1. INTRODUCTIONCrop diversification as understood in Viet Nam is defined as the strategy of shiftingfrom less profitable to more profitable crops, changing of variety and cropping system,increasing exports and competitiveness in both domestic and international markets,protecting the environment, and making conditions favourable for combining Agriculture-Fishery-Forestry-Livestock.Before 1989, when Viet Nam was a net food importer, crop diversification wasstudied under the National Cropping Systems Project based on rice and under theInternational Farming Systems Network, coordinated by the International Rice ResearchInstitute (IRRI). The Project aimed mainly to increase food production.2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC SCENARIO2.1 Crop ProductionThere are 18 major food crops, in addition to the main fruit species, cultivated in VietNam. The cultivated area, yield and production of these crops are presented in Table 1. Riceoccupies around 85 percent of the total area under rice, corn, sweet potato and cassava.Data from Statistical Publishing House (Hanoi, 1999) show that the total area undercrops was increased by 2,665,000 ha from 1990 to 1998. The increase of food crop area wasthe lowest (20.1 percent). The perennial industrial crop area was the highest (83.4 percent).Vegetables, annual industrial crops and fruit crops, increased by 50 percent as compared tothe extents of 1990. Diversification on rice land has decreased, especially in the MekongDelta, because of the fluctuation of prices of upland crop products grown in rotation withrice or through diversification of rice land. Farmers have frequently met with risks anduncertainty in prices. In the Mekong Delta non-rice food crops only contributed 10 percentto food production.2.2 Economic Scenario of the Agricultural SectorCrops, fishery and forestry contributed to the national GDP in 1990 to the tune of40.7 percent, which decreased to 23.5 percent in 1998, although the net value increased by abig margin.In terms of value structure, agriculture shared above 80 percent of the total valuefrom agriculture, fisheries and forestry (1995-1998). In the rural economy, agricultural* Professor and Senior Scientist, Cuulong Delta Rice Research Institute, Omon, Cantho, Vietnam.147
production accounted for around 80 percent with animal husbandry (17 percent) and services(3 percent) making up the remainder. The country is trying to increase the proportion of thevalue structure from animal husbandry and services through industrialization andmodernization.With regard to trade of agricultural products, rice, rubber, coffee, tea, cashew nut,peanut, black pepper and other horticultural commodities are exported. Agriculturalproducts imported are cotton, edible oil, milk and tobacco. Major crops for export are shownin Table 2. In 1999, 4.5 million tonnes of milled rice were exported from Viet Nam, whichbecame the second largest rice exporter, after Thailand.Table 1. Cultivated Area, Yield and Production of the Major CropsCropPaddy riceCornSweet potatoCassavaVegetablesBeansCottonJute, kanefRushSugar canePeanutSoybeanTobaccoCoffeeTeaRubberCoconutCash cropsFruit cropsArea(1000 ha)7,362.4649.7254.9231.6401.4221.520.28.711.0283.0269.4127.831.2370,60279,180389,778142,504196,003438.4Production(1000 tonnes)29,141.71,612.01,517.31,783.45,150.0144.120.718.667.013,843.5386.0141.331.7409.3229,540199,733105,45053,251-Yield(quintal/ha)39.624.859.577.0128.36.510.221.360.9489.214.311.110.2------Source: Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999.Table 2. Main Crops for Export (thousand tonnes)Crop 1990 1995 1996 1997 1998Milled RiceTeaCoffeeRubberPeanutCashew nutBlack pepper1.62416.189.675.970.724.79.01.99818.8248.1138.1111.099.017.93.00320.8283.7194.5127.016.525.33.55332.2389.3194.583.033.323.03.80034.0379.0185.087.030.023.0Source: Statistical Publishing House, Hanoi, 1999.148
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
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should be attractive to justify the
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REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
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Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
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Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
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Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
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Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
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We know hill farmers face many prob
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Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
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3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
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With regard to success stories of c
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5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
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It recognizes the need for a differ
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177: The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 178 and 179: • Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181: • Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183: minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185: LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187: SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189: FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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