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soybean using paddy fields should contribute to the conservation of the rice-based farmingsystem.4.3 Environmental Externalities of Japan's Paddy Fields FarmingLocated in the Asian monsoon zone, Japan has an annual precipitation of 1,800 mm,almost twice as high as the world average. The country is confronted with the substantialrisks of flood and water shortage mainly because of the relatively steep river gradientscaused by the mountain range of 2,000 - 3,000 m elevation running through the centre of themain island, and seasonal torrential rainfalls such as the summer rainy season and typhoons,as well as the strong water demand required to supply the 124 million population living in asmall country.Against such a background, paddy field farming has been built up as a key systemthat plays a major role not only in food production but also to mitigate the severegeographical and climatic conditions and preserve the environment which has prevailedthroughout the country's history of more than 2,000 years.While there are more than 2,200 years of climatic background in the country's longhistory, it has been widely recognized by the public, that, without making major demands onnatural resources, paddy fields are highly effective in preventing floods and fostering waterresources (as effective as dams). In addition, the terraced paddy fields are highly effectiveagainst soil erosion on the steep hillsides.Farm areas which are composed of paddy fields provide landscape, sightseeing andrecreational sites. Furthermore, paddy fields also provide a circulating soil system and purifyNO 2 and SO 2 in the air.Moreover, in contrast to uplands, paddy field farming is in line with sustainableagriculture. As proven through centuries of practice, it is free from the damage resultingfrom repeated cultivation and accumulation of salinity and is less harmful in terms of groundwater contamination. According to calculations by the substitutive cost method (Table 3), thetotal value of environmental externalities provided by paddy fields is estimated to reach4,600 billion Yen (this is approximately US$45 billion at the exchange rate as per May 31,2000).55
Table 3. Estimated Value of Paddy Fields According to the Substitutive Cost Method(Billion Yen)Function Benefits Estimated Value (Yen)Function of Preventing Flood Mitigating the damages caused by floods 1,952.7Function of Fostering WaterResourcesFunction of Preventing SoilErosion and LandslideFunction of Soil PurificationFunction of Preserving RuralLandscape and RecreationalAmenitiesFunction of Air PurificationSupporting steady water flow andinexpensive ground water supplyMitigating the damages caused by soilerosion and/or landslidesReducing the cost of waste treatmentsuch as food leftoversValue of visits by urban inhabitantsAbsorbing contaminants and purifyingthe air739.847.24.51,711.6171.7Total Environmental Externalities 4,627.5The values of Table 3 are based upon "Research on the Environmental Externalitiesof Paddy Fields", Mitsubishi Research Institute, March 1991, and estimated again with aconsideration to changes of the unit cost and the other data after the publication of the abovementionedresearch.5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF CROPDIVERSIFICATIONDuring the last decades, policy makers and agricultural scientists have struggled todevelop policies and technologies to meet Japan’s transformation in its socio-economicstructure. A forward-looking strategy for crop diversification is needed for this evolvingsociety and rapidly integrating world economy.5.1 Food IndustryAn overview of the food supply system from farmers to food industries indicates thatthe agriculture and fisheries market of 16.2 trillion Yen recorded 80.4 trillion Yen in the finalconsumption stage after gradually adding to its value over the course of time from theprocessing stage to the distribution stage. In more specific terms, 20 percent went toperishable foods, 50 percent to processed foods, and 30 percent to eating out meals. Whilethe percentage of perishable foods has been declining, those of processed foods and eatingouthave been increasing.The food industry and agriculture have been closely inter-linked through the supplyand demand flow of raw agricultural products. In recent years, however, food imports for the56
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
Page 12 and 13: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
Page 14 and 15: (CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
Page 16 and 17: SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
Page 18 and 19: Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
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Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
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Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
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Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
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Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
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Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
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In order to maintain the growth rat
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REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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