Figure 3. Schematic Representation of <strong>the</strong> Different <strong>Diversification</strong> Patterns<strong>in</strong> Paddy Lands <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Intermediate ZoneSep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug.In <strong>the</strong> upcountry <strong>in</strong>termediate zone, potato is <strong>the</strong> major crop that covers a large extentof cultivated lands. O<strong>the</strong>r dom<strong>in</strong>ant vegetables are tomato, beans, carrot, cabbage, beetrootand leeks. Presently, part of <strong>the</strong> extent under potato has been diversified <strong>in</strong>to vegetables.Potato is not cultivated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mid country <strong>in</strong>termediate zone and onion, tomato,cabbage, tobacco, beans, shallots and capsicum are <strong>the</strong> pr<strong>in</strong>cipal crops found <strong>in</strong> this pattern.Cucumber, gourds, long beans, okra and capsicum are <strong>the</strong> lead<strong>in</strong>g vegetables grown <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>low country. Melon is <strong>the</strong> only fruit crop cultivated <strong>in</strong> this part of <strong>the</strong> diversification pattern(Figure 3).3.4 Wetland Rice Fields <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Low Country Wet Zone (LCWZ)In <strong>the</strong> low country wet zone <strong>the</strong>re are 8,681 ha under major irrigation schemes,18,016 ha under m<strong>in</strong>or schemes and 68,118 ha under ra<strong>in</strong>fed conditions. The average yieldof rice <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>region</strong> is about 3,000 kg/ha and it has become uneconomical to cultivate ricedue to <strong>the</strong> high cost of production. Also, this area represents <strong>the</strong> densely populated <strong>region</strong>where about 40 percent of <strong>the</strong> total population of <strong>the</strong> country are found.A major portion of <strong>the</strong> paddy lands <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> wet zone is very poorly dra<strong>in</strong>ed and henceunsuitable for upland crop cultivation. The upper order valleys of coarse textured soils arefairly well dra<strong>in</strong>ed and <strong>the</strong>se soils are presently used for crop diversification. Apart from <strong>the</strong>prevail<strong>in</strong>g soil physical status, crop selection seems to be dependent on <strong>the</strong> availability ofmarket<strong>in</strong>g facilities. In close proximity to urban centres, leafy vegetables are predom<strong>in</strong>antlycultivated, as <strong>the</strong>se fetch a high price and <strong>the</strong> crops can be grown throughout <strong>the</strong> year. O<strong>the</strong>rcrops cultivated <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> low country wet zone are <strong>the</strong> root and tuber crops (coleus and sweetpotato), and vegetables such as long bean, bitter gourd and okra (Figure 4). Banana is <strong>the</strong>major fruit crop grown <strong>in</strong> this area.119
Figure 4. Schematic Representation of <strong>the</strong> Different <strong>Diversification</strong> Patterns<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Low Country Wet ZoneSep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug.Table 5 shows <strong>the</strong> costs and returns of this diversified system.Table 5. Cost and Returns of Diversified <strong>Crop</strong>p<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Low Country Wet ZoneIndicator Paddy Vegetables Coleus Leafy VegetablesTotal cost Rs/ha 334,625.00 76,175.00 97,530.00 275,298.00Gross returns Rs/ha 32,856.00 303,500.00 144,738 397,943.00Returns to land Rs/ha 6,055.00 226,883.00 47,208.00 122,645.00Returns to capital unit 1.51 4.72 2.51 1.59Returns to labourRs/manday213 954.00 318.00 250.00The table clearly shows that returns to <strong>the</strong> land are negative <strong>in</strong> rice whereas all <strong>the</strong>o<strong>the</strong>r alternative crops give higher returns. Returns to capital and labour are more favourable<strong>in</strong> vegetable and Innala (coleus) cultivation.3.5 <strong>Diversification</strong> <strong>in</strong> Mid Country Marg<strong>in</strong>al Tea and Rubber LandsThe seedl<strong>in</strong>g tea plantations became marg<strong>in</strong>ally productive <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> mid country wetzone due to <strong>the</strong> decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong> tea prices, rise of <strong>in</strong>put costs and also due to <strong>the</strong> soil degradationaggravated by soil erosion. Some of <strong>the</strong>se lands were replanted with vegetatively propagatedtea and a part of <strong>the</strong>se lands was shifted to export crops, ma<strong>in</strong>ly pepper, cloves and cocoa.Similarly, poorly managed rubber plantations also became marg<strong>in</strong>al with <strong>the</strong>reduction <strong>in</strong> prices as <strong>the</strong> demand for natural rubber was reduced. The cost of production also<strong>in</strong>creased due to <strong>the</strong> high wage rates and <strong>the</strong>se conditions led <strong>the</strong> rubber smallholder towithdraw from rubber and shift towards vegetatively propagated tea cultivation.3.6 <strong>Diversification</strong> Around Upland <strong>Crop</strong>sA diversification trend was observed <strong>in</strong> some upland crops such as cowpea, onion,gherk<strong>in</strong>, potato and chillies dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> past few years. This was ma<strong>in</strong>ly due to <strong>the</strong> decl<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>prices ow<strong>in</strong>g to over-production of crops, cheap importation and shr<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g of export markets.120
- Page 2 and 3:
RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
- Page 4 and 5:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
- Page 6 and 7:
13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
- Page 8 and 9:
INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
- Page 10 and 11:
New opportunities that would benefi
- Page 12 and 13:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
- Page 14 and 15:
(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
- Page 16 and 17:
SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
- Page 18 and 19:
Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
- Page 20 and 21:
through development projects implem
- Page 22 and 23:
y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
- Page 24 and 25:
cropping. This has only been possib
- Page 26 and 27:
process and export those labour int
- Page 28 and 29:
g) restoration/improvement of soil
- Page 30 and 31:
8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
- Page 32 and 33:
enthusiasm of the farmers in their
- Page 34 and 35:
3.3 The Formation and Development o
- Page 36 and 37:
carried out for years, guarantees t
- Page 38 and 39:
environment protection. Special att
- Page 40 and 41:
2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
- Page 42 and 43:
What is most notable is the change
- Page 44 and 45:
8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
- Page 46 and 47:
fact that the area shares of the do
- Page 48 and 49:
country. Therefore, a judicious use
- Page 50 and 51:
5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
- Page 52 and 53:
7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
- Page 54 and 55:
Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
- Page 56 and 57:
Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
- Page 58 and 59:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
- Page 60 and 61:
production, these ratios were deter
- Page 62 and 63:
soybean using paddy fields should c
- Page 64 and 65:
food industry have sharply increase
- Page 66 and 67:
7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
- Page 68 and 69:
Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
- Page 70 and 71:
Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
- Page 72 and 73:
The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
- Page 74 and 75:
About 78 percent of the rubber grow
- Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
- Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
- Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
- Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
- Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
- Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
- Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
- Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
- Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
- Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
- Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
- Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
- Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
- Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
- Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
- Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
- Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
- Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
- Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
- Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
- Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
- Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
- Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
- Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
- Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
- Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
- Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
- Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
- Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
- Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
- Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
- Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
- Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
- Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
- Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
- Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
- Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
- Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
- Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
- Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
- Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
- Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
- Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
- Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
- Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
- Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
- Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
- Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
- Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
- Page 176 and 177:
The major outputs are:- Integration
- Page 178 and 179:
• Database and information materi
- Page 180 and 181:
• Business plans have been formul
- Page 182 and 183:
minimize such losses. The developme
- Page 184 and 185:
LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
- Page 186 and 187:
SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
- Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen