Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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New opportunities that would benefit crop diversification are technologicalbreakthroughs, changes in demand pattern, changes in government policy, development ofirrigation and other infrastructure, development of new trade arrangements, and others.Similarly, challenges and threats necessitating crop diversification result from: a) market andprice risks; b) risk associated with existing crop management practices; c) adverse changes likedegradation of natural resources and the environment; and d) socio-economic needs likeemployment generation, attaining self-sufficiency in some crops and earning foreign exchangefrom others.The case of the green revolution in India presents a good example of the effects (positiveand negative) of technology induced crop diversification. This technology created opportunitiesfor raising agricultural productivity through diversification in favour of high yielding periodboundcultivars of wheat and rice in areas endowed with reliable irrigation. In this way, greenrevolution technology resulted in spectacular growth in farm output, which enabled the countryto attain food self-sufficiency. However, the green revolution technology has also led tosubstantial shifts in area in favour of rice and wheat and a high level of crop intensificationwhich are said to be causing degradation of the ecology and natural resources like soil and waterin various ways. For example, high crop intensity and intensive use of chemical fertilizers andirrigation are noted to be causing nitrate pollution, soil salinity and waterlogging; while burningof crop residues is contributing to air pollution. To face these challenges and problems there isan urgent need to diversify the cropping patterns.Significant changes are taking place in domestic and international demand for cropproducts due to improvement in income and standard of living, fast urbanization, and changinglife styles and preference patterns. Trade liberalization and development of transportinfrastructure have opened new avenues of trade and have improved access to new and distantmarkets. This has created new opportunities for crop diversification, especially for enterprisingand progressive farmers in the various countries.Rice is the most important food crop in Asia and will remain so for many years to come.However, in marginal and upland areas of Asia, rice-based cropping systems have low returns.Shifting marginal areas out of rice into more profitable crops is seen as a solution. However,commodity-specific approaches are risky and, given the weak infrastructure and marketing base,may not achieve much for resource poor farmers in rainfed areas. Alternatively, flexiblecropping systems for upland farmers that feature production of more income-elastic goods likehorticultural products are a means of diversifying their income sources. Indeed, diversificationaway from rice to high-value crops such as fruits, vegetables and flowers has been successful inmany countries of the Region, although quality and timely production are usually crucial toeconomic success with such high-value crops.There is no doubt that significant progress has been made during the past few years incrop diversification in the Region. The level of success varies from country to country, butsome success stories exist in every country. The fundamental principal of all successfuldiversification programmes is that they are driven by market demand. There is no point indiversifying into a crop for which market potential is limited. Governments can take severalsteps to reduce risks and improve marketing facilities through improved roads andcommunications, construction of wholesale markets, etc. Access by farmers, private traders and3
exporters to credit also needs to be improved. Dynamic policies on balance between food selfsufficiencyand food self-reliance will be needed.However, in spite of the significant progress in crop diversification much more remainsto be done in this direction. There is a need and scope to further promote crop diversification onscientific lines and realize its untapped potential. FAO looks forward to the advice and guidanceof the participants concerning appropriate strategies leading to the realization of this untappedpotential.4
Page 2 and 3: RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
Page 4 and 5: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
Page 6 and 7: 13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
Page 12 and 13: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
Page 14 and 15: (CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
Page 16 and 17: SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
Page 18 and 19: Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61:
production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77:
should be attractive to justify the
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REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
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Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
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Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
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Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
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Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91:
We know hill farmers face many prob
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Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95:
3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
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With regard to success stories of c
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5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
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It recognizes the need for a differ
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
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2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
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In coconut, diversification means t
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were used in the preparation of the
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There are a variety of factors that
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Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
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Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
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Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
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Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
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Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
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In order to maintain the growth rat
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REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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