Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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production, these ratios were determined in light of their attainability by 2010 and possibleeffects on the promotion of efforts and measures by relevant parties.The top 30 most widely grown crops in 1997 are listed Table 1. Rice still dominatesin terms of acreage and production value, but there are many vegetables, fruits and othercrops that are significantly contributing to the farm economy.Japan is the largest importer of foods and agricultural products in the world. In 1998it spent 7.5 trillion yen, approximately 70 billion US dollars, for food imports. Foodsconstitute about 21 percent of all imports to Japan. Wheat, maize, soybean, meats, andvegetables constitute the major imports. Agricultural exports from Japan were 0.36 trillionyen, equivalent to only 4.8 percent of the food imports in the same year.Table 1. Thirty Most Cultivated Crops in Japan in 1997Crop1. Paddy Rice2. Wheat3. Potato4. Soybean5. Sugar Beet6. Orange7. Other Cereals8. Tea9. Radish10. Apple11. Sweet Potato12. Cabbage13. Young Corn14. Chestnut15. Onion16. Persimmon17. Spinach18. Leek19. Chinese Cabbage20. Carrot21. Grape22. Taro23. Lettuce24. Plum25. Pear26. Water Melon27. Pumpkin28. Cucumber29. Melon30. Egg PlantCultivated Area(ha)1,953,000157,500103,00083,20068,50066,00057,45051,80049,80049,30046,50037,90031,60030,00027,20027,10026,10024,70024,40023,20022,80021,40021,40019,10018,50018,50017,10016,40015,80014,000Yield(t)10,030,000573,0003,394,300145,0003,685,0001,553,000-401,0002,020,000993,0001,130,0001,504,000302,00032,9001,256,000301,200330,900549,3001,135,000714,800250,900269,900532,700136,200404,200613,900244,700797,700359,300474,900Value(x 100 million Yen)27,0948561,3223776651,660-1,1361,2081,1921,053965380997514251,1111,1465085321,1794187253871,1498482491,7541,3161,1563. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONThe main struggle that Japan has faced within the post-war era is rice production.Rice is the staple food in Japan and having a sufficient rice supply was the main objective at53
household and national levels for some years after the Second World War. Improvement ofcultivation techniques and adoption of improved cultivars, together with supportivegovernmental policies, allowed Japan to meet its rice supply needs. Changes in life style andsocial structure, driven by drastic economic growth, resulted in a reduction in riceconsumption in the mid-1960’s. Average consumption of rice declined from 115 kg in 1960to 95 kg in 1970 and to 66.7 kg in 1997. Table 2 shows changes over time in the relativeimportance of crops and livestock (including milk production). Rice, wheat, pulses, andsericulture have declined, while vegetables, fruits, flowers and livestock have increased inrelative importance in the farm economy.Table 2. Change of Relative Importance (%) of Agricultural ProductsBased on Farm-Gate ValueYear Rice Wheat Pulses Roots &Tubers196047.45.52.53.0Vegetables Fruits Flowers Sericulture Livestock9.1 6.0 0.5 3.0 15.2197038.30.60.81.416.27.10.91.625.9198032.91.90.91.718.18.12.00.727.2199030.11.10.82.321.98.53.80.225.2199728.11.10.82.122.98.64.50.026.24. CROP DIVERSIFICATION AS A STRATEGY4.1 Use and Consumer DemandsCrop diversification takes places not only for production reasons but also, often moreimportantly, for use and consumption demands. The drastic increase in annual income wasaccompanied by demand for diversification of diet by consuming more vegetables and fruits,as well as increased demand for ornamental plants and higher quality products. Thetransition to modern lifestyles influenced the status of nutritional quality. Figure 3 shows thechange of nutritional uptake in terms of sources of calories. The increasing consumption offat is evident and it has already passed the upper limit (25 percent) for a desirable diet for aJapanese. The average Japanese now spends 25 percent of total food expenditures on eatingoutand processed foods. The importance of better education of the general public onnutrition concerns is recognized. Development of nutritional products attractive to the younggeneration is important and crop diversification efforts should be in line with this.4.2 Multi-Functionality of AgricultureThe traditional role of agriculture is the production of food. The social recognition ofthe role of agriculture has expanded to the multiple function of agriculture. A cropdiversification strategy should be in line with this view of multi-functionality. This meansthat food production should not be the only concern or objective of crop diversificationefforts. For example, paddy fields should be well conserved not only for food productionreasons but also for their ecological and social value. Cultivation of crops such as wheat and54
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
Page 10 and 11: New opportunities that would benefi
Page 12 and 13: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
Page 14 and 15: (CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
Page 16 and 17: SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
Page 18 and 19: Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
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There are a variety of factors that
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Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
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Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
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Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
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Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
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Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
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In order to maintain the growth rat
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REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
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3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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