Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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Figure 3. Schematic Representation of the Different Diversification Patternsin Paddy Lands in the Intermediate ZoneSep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug.In the upcountry intermediate zone, potato is the major crop that covers a large extentof cultivated lands. Other dominant vegetables are tomato, beans, carrot, cabbage, beetrootand leeks. Presently, part of the extent under potato has been diversified into vegetables.Potato is not cultivated in the mid country intermediate zone and onion, tomato,cabbage, tobacco, beans, shallots and capsicum are the principal crops found in this pattern.Cucumber, gourds, long beans, okra and capsicum are the leading vegetables grown in thelow country. Melon is the only fruit crop cultivated in this part of the diversification pattern(Figure 3).3.4 Wetland Rice Fields in the Low Country Wet Zone (LCWZ)In the low country wet zone there are 8,681 ha under major irrigation schemes,18,016 ha under minor schemes and 68,118 ha under rainfed conditions. The average yieldof rice in the region is about 3,000 kg/ha and it has become uneconomical to cultivate ricedue to the high cost of production. Also, this area represents the densely populated regionwhere about 40 percent of the total population of the country are found.A major portion of the paddy lands in the wet zone is very poorly drained and henceunsuitable for upland crop cultivation. The upper order valleys of coarse textured soils arefairly well drained and these soils are presently used for crop diversification. Apart from theprevailing soil physical status, crop selection seems to be dependent on the availability ofmarketing facilities. In close proximity to urban centres, leafy vegetables are predominantlycultivated, as these fetch a high price and the crops can be grown throughout the year. Othercrops cultivated in the low country wet zone are the root and tuber crops (coleus and sweetpotato), and vegetables such as long bean, bitter gourd and okra (Figure 4). Banana is themajor fruit crop grown in this area.119
Figure 4. Schematic Representation of the Different Diversification Patternsin the Low Country Wet ZoneSep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May. Jun. Jul. Aug.Table 5 shows the costs and returns of this diversified system.Table 5. Cost and Returns of Diversified Cropping in the Low Country Wet ZoneIndicator Paddy Vegetables Coleus Leafy VegetablesTotal cost Rs/ha 334,625.00 76,175.00 97,530.00 275,298.00Gross returns Rs/ha 32,856.00 303,500.00 144,738 397,943.00Returns to land Rs/ha 6,055.00 226,883.00 47,208.00 122,645.00Returns to capital unit 1.51 4.72 2.51 1.59Returns to labourRs/manday213 954.00 318.00 250.00The table clearly shows that returns to the land are negative in rice whereas all theother alternative crops give higher returns. Returns to capital and labour are more favourablein vegetable and Innala (coleus) cultivation.3.5 Diversification in Mid Country Marginal Tea and Rubber LandsThe seedling tea plantations became marginally productive in the mid country wetzone due to the decline in tea prices, rise of input costs and also due to the soil degradationaggravated by soil erosion. Some of these lands were replanted with vegetatively propagatedtea and a part of these lands was shifted to export crops, mainly pepper, cloves and cocoa.Similarly, poorly managed rubber plantations also became marginal with thereduction in prices as the demand for natural rubber was reduced. The cost of production alsoincreased due to the high wage rates and these conditions led the rubber smallholder towithdraw from rubber and shift towards vegetatively propagated tea cultivation.3.6 Diversification Around Upland CropsA diversification trend was observed in some upland crops such as cowpea, onion,gherkin, potato and chillies during the past few years. This was mainly due to the decline inprices owing to over-production of crops, cheap importation and shrinking of export markets.120
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
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Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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