Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROPDIVERSIFICATIONGovernment policy was to reach self-sufficiency in most of the essential food cropsafter independence. Hence, government set strategies to fulfill the above policy were:a. To increase the extent under cultivation during the last four decades, the governmentplanned and commissioned several major irrigation schemes and increased theirrigable land extent to 483,000 ha.b. Seed and planting material production was handled mainly by the governmentinstitutions and seed farms were operated to meet the national demand of seed andother planting materials. Importation of seed potato was mainly handled by thegovernment.c. Subsidy schemes were formulated to encourage high input usage, especially fertilizerwhich was provided under the subsidy.d. Crop insurance was introduced to minimize risks.e. Guaranteed prices or minimum prices were set and marketing was sufficientlyintervened to activate the pricing policy. Government institutions such as the PaddyMarketing Board and the Marketing Department were established to purchase theagriculture produce.However, with the introduction of an open market system in the early 1980’s some ofthose policies were relaxed. Subsidy for fertilizer was reduced and the private sector wasprimarily responsible for marketing the agriculture produce. The government institutions formarketing were not functioning effectively. Although there was a minimum price for most ofthe commodities, the government could not maintain it as the state institutions responsiblefor marketing were ineffective. Government involvement in seeds and other plantingmaterial production was reduced to a substantial degree and the private sector participationwas encouraged and promoted. The cost of production of crops increased as the fertilizersubsidy and most of the direct and indirect subsidies were reduced.Although the import restrictions were relaxed, a certain level of protection wasmaintained. However, these measures were not sufficient to avoid the decline in localproduction of chillies, onion, pulses and potato to a significant extent.Currently, the government adopts the trade liberalization policy where GATT,SAFTA and other regional trade agreements promote free trade. This makes most of thecrop production at the existing level of technology under the present wage rate comparativelydisadvantageous. Hence, the imported produce competes with the local commodities anddeprives the local farmer of his self-employment. For example, the extent of potatocultivation, which was 4,430 ha in 1996 dropped to 1,119 ha during the last three years.However, the production area of condiments such as pepper and cinnamon has increased asSri Lanka has a significant comparative advantage in condiment production.127
7. CONCLUSIONS• There is good potential for crop diversification in Sri Lanka and this potential is wellrealized in major and minor irrigation schemes except in the wet zone of Sri Lanka.• The diversification patterns in rice lands in the intermediate zone of the up country andmid country have been successfully established. Diversification in major irrigationschemes in rice lands of the low country wet zone is also operated with limitedsuccess. However, the stability of the system largely depends on the market prices ofagricultural produce.• Susceptibility of crops to excess moisture is the major physical constraint in all ricebasedcrop diversification systems. Insufficient number of available candidate cropsis a major constraint in all diversification patterns.• Since market forces are the driving force for diversification, efficient operational systemsencompassing a decision support system have to be developed. The diversificationenterprises must also suit the international and regional trade policies.• Infrastructure development of agriculture enterprises and agro-based industries isnecessary for further promotion of the diversification programmes.REFERENCESAnnual reports, 1999. Central Bank, Sri Lanka.Dimantha, S. 1987. Irrigation management for crop diversification in Sri Lanka. p. 135-150.In Irrigation management for diversified cropping, International IrrigationManagement Institute, Digana, Sri Lanka.Hemaratna, H. A. 2000. Economics of crop diversification in paddy lands in low country wetzone in Sri Lanka. Unpublished.Jayasekara, S.J.B.A., R.P.K. Kannangara, 1991. Sri Lanka. In Agroclimatology of AsianGrain legumes. Research Bulletin No.14 Ed. By Virmani, S.M., D.G. Faris, and C.Johansen, ICRISAT, Patanchery, Andrapradesh, 502324, India.Mapa, R.B., Somasiri S. and S. Nagarajah. 1999. Soils of the wet zone of Sri Lanka p.184special publication No.1. Soil Science Society of Sri Lanka, Vidya Mandiraya120/10, Wijerama Mawatha. Colombo 07, Sri Lanka.Panabokke, C.R. et. al. 1987. Status research report, Sri Lanka. p. 171-196. In Irrigationmanagement for diversified cropping, International Irrigation Management Institute,Digana, Sri Lanka.Panabokke, C.R. 1989. Irrigation management for crop diversification in Sri Lanka, countrypaper, Sri Lanka, No.3, International Irrigation Management Institute, Digana, SriLanka.128
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
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should be attractive to justify the
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REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
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Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
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Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177: The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 178 and 179: • Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181: • Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183: minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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