Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

enthusiasm of the farmers in their production efforts, and brought about the sustained andstable growth in the production of major crops.2.2 Economy of Crops and Internal TradeIncreasing cropping intensities in farming systems across China using the concept ofhorizontal diversification brought about economic emancipation to millions of farmers. Asan important sector of China’s agriculture and national economy, the production of farmcrops occupies a very large portion and an important economic place in the gross domesticproduct of agricultural production and domestic commodity trade. However, because of theincrease of consumption level of the increasing population, the proportion of output value ofcrops in the gross product of agricultural production and domestic commodity trade shows adeclining trend.2.3 Import and Export of Agricultural ProductsIn recent years, owing to the impact of Asia’s economic crisis and the resultantlessening of the buying power of domestic consumers, China’s import and export ofagricultural products (Table 1) were also influenced in varying degrees and significantchanges have taken place in the infrastructure of import and export policies.Firstly, among food grains, the volume of export of rice increased (it reached itshighest record of 3.745 million tonnes in 1998 since the founding of the People’s Republic ofChina) and that of imports declined. The volume of export of maize and soybean declinedand their volume of imports increased by a big margin (the volume of imported soybeanreached 3.197 million tonnes for the first time in 1998). The volume of imports of wheat andbarley also declined by around 20 percent.Secondly, the volume of exports of raw cotton increased and its volume of importsdeclined substantially. The volume of exports of vegetable oil and sugar declined. Both thevolume of imports and exports of vegetables and fruits increased by a big margin, but theincome from their exports declined sharply.Table 1. Import and Export of Main Agricultural Products in China in 1998Unit: million US$Classification of Agricultural Products Import Export Net ExportCereal grains 1989.47 2147.98 158.511.Wheat 278.57 1.41 -277.162.Rough rice, rice 120.04 927.17 807.133. maize 31.77 531.68 499.914. Sorghum 0.02 2.46 2.445. Other cereals 265.54 34.76 -230.786. Processed cereal products 70.05 368.10 298.05Other produce 3219.54 5537.19 2317.651. Vegetables 71.29 1473.85 1402.562. Fruits 241.78 433.31 191.533. Processed vegetable & fruit products 23.58 1022.42 998.844. Coffee, tea 19.73 520.10 500.375. Sugar and sugared food 2787.83 1310.04 -1477.796. Drinks, wine, and vinegar 75.33 450.10 374.777. Miscellaneous products 83.32 327.37 244.05Source: Chen Liangbiao, The prospects of China’s food security and selection of policy.25
3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION3.1 Research and Utilization of the Diversification Strategy for CropsAgricultural scientists have developed a large number of new varieties andcombinations of various crops with the characters of early maturity, high yield, high quality,and broad adaptability by using different methods. According to the preliminary statistics,there are 5,600 varieties or more of 41 species of field crops, and 516 varieties of 36 speciesof garden crops, including fruit trees and vegetables, which have been developed from 1949to 1998 in the whole country. Among these varieties, there are 365 varieties that cover anarea of over 67,000 km 2 .It should be pointed out that intensive cultivation has always been a traditionalcultivation method of the Chinese farmers and the main purpose of intensive cultivation isimprovement of the level of farmland and resources utilization. The process in developingthe high yield and high efficient model and system of companion cropping, intercropping,mixed cropping, and multiple cropping is just the developmental process of thediversification strategy among farmers in China.Most of the early crop improvement work and adaptability studies were originallycarried out by farmers themselves. From these early advances made in crop improvementand development, the Chinese scientists built upon the indigenous technologies to achievethe high degree of sophistication in agricultural technology that is currently existing.3.2 The Formation and Development of the Diversification Methodologies for RiceRice is the first grain crop in China and China attaches great importance to selectionand breeding of rice varieties. The indica rice (Oryza sativa, subsp. hsien) variety“Guanglu’ai” with the characteristics of tolerance to fertilizer, lodging resistance, and highyield was developed in 1959 and accomplished the incorporation of early maturity anddwarfing characteristics into new rice varieties. This was the first breakthrough made inChina in the history of rice breeding. In the early 1970’s, the Chinese Academy ofAgricultural Sciences and Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences jointly organizednational cooperation in scientific research on hybrid rice and made an importantbreakthrough in the "three-line" system of hybrid rice production, thus accomplishing a leapforward in the history of rice development. This achievement in scientific research not onlyprovided a new method for raising rice yields, but also opened up a new way for theutilization of heterosis in self-pollinated crops, and thus greatly enriched the theory ofgenetic breeding. This achievement won the state the Special Grade Prize for Innovationawarded by the Chinese government in 1981 and won international prizes five times. Thework carried out in China on the origin and evolution of rice, the response reaction of ricevarieties to conditions of light and temperature, and the discovery, identification andutilization of thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line of rice, not only laid a foundation forthe protection of germplasm resources of rice in China, but also made a great contribution tothe diversification of rice culture systems in many parts of the world.26
Page 2 and 3: RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
Page 4 and 5: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
Page 6 and 7: 13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
Page 10 and 11: New opportunities that would benefi
Page 12 and 13: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
Page 14 and 15: (CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
Page 16 and 17: SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
Page 18 and 19: Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83:
Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85:
Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87:
Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91:
We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93:
Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95:
3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97:
With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99:
5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101:
It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105:
2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107:
In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109:
were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111:
There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113:
Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115:
Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117:
Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121:
1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123:
Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125:
drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127:
Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129:
The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131:
Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133:
In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135:
6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137:
Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139:
y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141:
Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143:
Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145:
The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147:
Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149:
- Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151:
In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153:
REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157:
3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159:
the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161:
development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163:
• Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165:
other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167:
4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169:
increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171:
in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173:
past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175:
diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177:
The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 178 and 179:
• Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181:
• Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183:
minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185:
LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187:
SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
show all

Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?