Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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country. Therefore, a judicious use of land and water resources will have to be the centraltheme for sustainability of agricultural growth. There has been a growing concern in recentyears about the deteriorating conditions of soil health and water resources due to impropermanagement and pollution. The deterioration in land and water resources has been in theform of land degradation, waterlogging and decline in watertable. There is a greater need tohave an integrated approach in the management of plant nutrients, chemicals and takingeffective measures to deal with the overall pollution problems. There are several possibletechnologies and alternatives to reduce the use of chemicals in agriculture. Thesealternatives are not perfect substitutes to chemicals but adoption of these can substantiallyreduce the adverse impact on environment. Proper land and water management policieswould reduce environmental degradation. Community and village institutions should beencouraged to participate in protecting natural resources from degradation. Programmes forregeneration of land and water resources will be strengthened.4.3 Agricultural Planning: an Area ApproachA new approach to agricultural planning - the Agro Climatic Regional Planning(ACRP) was put into action in 1988. This holistic approach digresses from the sectoralapproach of planning practiced so far in the country. It explicitly recognizes the localresource endowments and constraints of the agro-climatically homogeneous regions, quiteoften cutting across the States. The ACRP can be considered as a bridge between theresource base and decentralized planning, which aims at providing a scientific support toplanning for attainment of sustainability and having due consideration of basic resources andthe local needs. The project was initiated by regionalizing the country into 15 zones/regionsand later into 73 sub-regions and subsequently demarcation of sub-zone/region within a Stateusing district as the lowest unit of analysis. The principles used for this sub-regionalizationwere those which relate intrinsically with the character of the agricultural economy like soil,climate, rainfall, etc. In a recent study, agro-climatic zones have been delineated into 4 agroeconomiczones to address the issues of poverty, productivity and sustainability. These agroeconomiczones are: i) High Productivity Zone (103 districts); ii) Low Productivity - HighPotential Zone (181 districts); iii) Low Productivity Zone (179 districts); and iv)Ecologically Fragile Zone (Himalayan and Desert areas).5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF CROPDIVERSIFICATION5.1 Constraints in Crop DiversificationCrop diversification in the country is taking the form of increased areas undercommercial crops including vegetables and fruits since independence. However, this hasgained momentum in the last decade favouring increased area under vegetables and fruitsand also to some extent on commercial crops like sugar cane, cotton and oilseeds cropsspecially soybean. The major problems and constraints in crop diversification are primarilydue to the following reasons with varied degrees of influence:i. Over 117 m/ha (63 percent) of the cropped area in the country is completelydependent on rainfall.41
ii.iii.iv.Sub-optimal and over-use of resources like land and water resources, causing anegative impact on the environment and sustainability of agriculture.Inadequate supply of seeds and plants of improved cultivars.Fragmentation of land holding less favouring modernization and mechanization ofagriculture.v. Poor basic infrastructure like rural roads, power, transport, communications etc.vi.vii.viii.ix.Inadequate post-harvest technologies and inadequate infrastructure for post-harvesthandling of perishable horticultural produce.Very weak agro-based industry.Weak research - extension - farmer linkages.Inadequately trained human resources together with persistent and large scaleilliteracy amongst farmers.x. Host of diseases and pests affecting most crop plants.xi.xii.Poor database for horticultural crops.Decreased investments in the agricultural sector over the years.5.2 Globalization and Crop DiversificationWith the advent of WTO and India being a member and signatory to GATT, thescenario of the agricultural sector will not be the same as that of past. With the liberalizationof trade and providing the market access of agricultural produce between the differentcountries, the country will be required to promote much more diversified agriculture. Forcrops on which we have substantial area and production, specially foodgrains, the importmarket has to be insulated through increased productivity which gives us a kind ofcomparative advantage and also a level playing field so that large scale importation iscontained and farmers interests are protected. The crops which are traditionally exportedlike basmati rice and spices and condiments also need to be supported in terms of areaexpansion and quality improvement to look towards much more opportunity for export.Crop diversification in the areas of certain tropical fruits and also a few vegetables also needsupport for both production and post-harvest handling in terms of their export opportunity.Accelerated growth in fruits and vegetables production is also required for improvednutrition of the country's population. In future, with improved living standards along withincreased purchasing power, more and more people will look for nutritional and qualityfoods which will also call for greater crop diversification. There are some production areassuch as food crops, plantation crops, poultry, dairy, sugar, cotton and oilseeds in which Indiahas made its mark. There are some in which its emerging strength is already evident -sericulture, marine and inland fisheries for example. There are also others which now attractless attention, but in which the competitive advantages that India possesses can put it on thetop of the world. No country grows such a wide range of fruits, vegetables, and flowers andin such abundance as India and yet it has no record worth mentioning in horticulturalexports. The rich variety when processed and marketed, can help India take care of thehealth needs of its population besides being major export commodities42
Page 2 and 3: RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
Page 4 and 5: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
Page 6 and 7: 13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
Page 10 and 11: New opportunities that would benefi
Page 12 and 13: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
Page 14 and 15: (CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
Page 16 and 17: SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
Page 18 and 19: Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 52 and 53: 7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99:
5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101:
It recognizes the need for a differ
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105:
2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107:
In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109:
were used in the preparation of the
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There are a variety of factors that
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Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
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Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117:
Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
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Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
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drained and rice on poorly drained
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Figure 3. Schematic Representation
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The potato production in the up cou
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Table 6 clearly shows that there is
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In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135:
6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
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Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
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Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143:
Land TenureMore than half of the Th
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The New theory is a novel approach
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Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
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- Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151:
In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153:
REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157:
3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181:
• Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183:
minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185:
LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187:
SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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