Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast country of continental dimensions, presents wide variations inagroclimatic conditions. Such variations have led to the evolution of regional niches forvarious crops. Historically, regions were often associated with the crops in which theyspecialize for various agronomic, climatic, hydro-geological, and even, historical reasons.But, in the aftermath of technological changes encompassing bio-chemical and irrigationtechnologies, the agronomic niches are undergoing significant changes. With the advent ofirrigation and new farm technologies, the yield level of most crops-especially that of cerealshaswitnessed an upward shift making it possible to obtain a given level of output withreduced area or more output with a given level of area and creating thereby the condition forinter-crop area shift (diversification) without much disturbance in output level. Besides, asagriculture become drought proof and growth become more regionally balanced, there hasbeen a reduction in the instability of agricultural output.In the face of these new changes including the achievement of food self-sufficiency,the area shift that tended towards cereals in the immediate aftermath of the GreenRevolution, has started moving in the opposite direction, i.e., from cereals to non-cereals.Although these reverse area shifts actually took place in the mid-1970’s as a part ofthe process of commercialization, they became more pronounced since the mid 1980’s as aresponse partly to emerging supply deficit in edible oils and partly to the changingcomparative advantage of crops. Since the recent trend in inter-crop area shifts has it originin the price and trade policy changes of the 1980’s, they indicate the increasing marketinfluence on area allocation. The area under commercial crops has almost doubled in the lastthree decades. Among the foodgrain crops, the area under superior cereals, i.e., rice andwheat, is increasing; while that of coarse cereals (millets) is on decline. The area share ofjute and allied fibres has also gone down substantially. Like any other economy, the share ofagriculture in the GDP is also declining in India. Increase in income from the agriculturesector, further growth of non-crop sub-sectors within agriculture; faster growth of non-foodgrain crops; and faster growth of superior cereals among the food grains are all happening,but the pace of such change is far too slow. An accelerated pace of diversification to createpositive import of higher income, higher employment and conservation and efficient use ofnatural resources emphasizes the need for efficient policies, especially in technologicaldevelopment, selective economic reforms and institutional change. A strategy of crucialimportance is growth enhancing non-farm activities. This calls for investment in ruralinfrastructure and skill upgradation and it also implies a careful examination and adjustmentof macro-policies, which influence the relative profitability of different activities and in turndetermine the nature and pace of diversification. In order to ensure social equity, policies onstructural adjustment and reforms must pay special attention to the band of marginal andsmall farmers and agricultural labourers. The direct benefits from diversification shouldreach these sections of the farmers.45
Table 1. India's Yield as Percent of World Yield, 1996India as% ofWorld'sAverageYieldHighestYieldIndia as% ofWorld'sAverageYieldHighestYieldFood CropsRice Wheat Maize Bajra Jowar Pulses49% 98% 38% 72% 57% 73%30% 31% 19% 20% 18% 31%Non-Food CropsPotatoes Groundnut Sugar caneSunflowerseedRapeseedSeedCotton98% 76% 109% 51% 65% 59%42% 36% 70% 27% 27% 34%Table 2. All India: Temporal Change (percent) in the Area Share of Main Cropsand Crop Groups, 1966/67 to 1996/97No. Crops TE 1966/67 TE 1976/77 TE 1986/87 TE 1996/971 Rice 23.90 24.13 24.75 25.292 Wheat 11.99 10.01 9.62 15.033 Coarse Cereals 26.49 29.20 28.09 18.704 All Cereals 62.38 63.34 62.47 59.035 Gram & Pigeon Pea 7.26 6.48 6.25 6.306 Other Pulses 8.06 7.99 7.85 7.457 All Pulses 15.32 14.46 14.10 13.758 All Foodgrains 77.70 77.80 76.56 72.789 Sunflower & Soybean 0.54 0.79 0.91 0.7710 All oilseeds 11.27 11.24 12.07 15.3511 Fibres 6.28 5.25 5.18 5.7212 Spices 0.64 0.83 1.02 1.1213 Fruits & Vegetables 0.75 0.92 1.15 1.4014 Other Field Crops 3.04 3.54 3.51 3.2315 Plantation Crops 0.33 0.42 0.51 0.4116 All Commercial Crops 11.03 10.96 11.36 11.8717 All Non-Cereals 37.62 36.66 37.53 40.9846
Page 2 and 3: RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
Page 4 and 5: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
Page 6 and 7: 13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
Page 10 and 11: New opportunities that would benefi
Page 12 and 13: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
Page 14 and 15: (CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
Page 16 and 17: SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
Page 18 and 19: Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
Page 20 and 21: through development projects implem
Page 22 and 23: y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
Page 24 and 25: cropping. This has only been possib
Page 26 and 27: process and export those labour int
Page 28 and 29: g) restoration/improvement of soil
Page 30 and 31: 8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
Page 32 and 33: enthusiasm of the farmers in their
Page 34 and 35: 3.3 The Formation and Development o
Page 36 and 37: carried out for years, guarantees t
Page 38 and 39: environment protection. Special att
Page 40 and 41: 2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
Page 42 and 43: What is most notable is the change
Page 44 and 45: 8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
Page 46 and 47: fact that the area shares of the do
Page 48 and 49: country. Therefore, a judicious use
Page 50 and 51: 5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
Page 54 and 55: Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
Page 56 and 57: Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105:
2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107:
In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109:
were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111:
There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113:
Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115:
Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117:
Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119:
Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121:
1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123:
Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125:
drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127:
Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129:
The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131:
Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133:
In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135:
6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137:
Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
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y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141:
Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143:
Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145:
The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147:
Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149:
- Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151:
In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153:
REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155:
CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157:
3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159:
the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161:
development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163:
• Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165:
other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167:
4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169:
increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177:
The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 178 and 179:
• Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181:
• Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183:
minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185:
LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187:
SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189:
FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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