Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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were used in the preparation of the DA’s Medium Term Development Plan in the early1990’s (Pecson, 1993).A number of economic policies to promote crop diversification were formulated bythe Philippine government (Adriano and Cabezon, 1989). In pricing policy, the governmentreduced the price support for rice with the view that some farmers will shift to alternativecash crops. Likewise, the government wants to reduce its direct intervention function in themarketing of rice by relying more on the private sector both to trade (domestic andinternational) and to hold stocks.Tax and tariff policies were adopted to eliminate import quotas and minimize thenumber of permits required for importation and lower the average tariff level. Likewise,there was abolition of all export taxes. Gradual elimination of all subsidies is a nationalpolicy. In the agriculture sector, subsidies were gradually eliminated since pricing of inputsand outputs has already been deregulated.Increased public expenditures on R&D and other rural infrastructure facilities arestipulated in the Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997. From a low 0.2percent of the GVA allocated for research, there has been a substantial increase ingovernment allocation for R&D. By the year 2002, R&D investment will be 1 percent of theGVA. A number of development programmes include investment in rural roads, transportand communications. As a result of these, an efficient price system is created which is apotent promotion for crop diversification.Crop diversification in rice and corn areas will proceed favourably due to theimplementation of the Agrarian Reform Programme. This is on the premise that asleaseholders or owner-cultivators, these farmers can decide what is best for their lands.Current and Future Government Programmes on Crop DiversificationOn agricultural R&D, crop diversification is a component of the Philippine NationalAgenda for Research and Development. In crops associated with cropping systems, thefollowing are the concerns:Coconut• Piloting of Coconut-based Farming Systems and Technology.Cacao and Coffee• Assessment of existing crop mix patterns adopted by cacao and coffee farmers.• Cacao-based and coffee-based vegetables and legumes intercropping system in flat andhilly lands.• Occurrence and severity of insect pests and diseases as affected by different croppingpatterns.• Nutritional requirements of cacao and coffee as influenced by different cropping systems.• Economics of intercropping cacao and coffee with other crops in flat and hilly lands.Rubber• Alternative legume covers in rubber farms.101
• Economics of cover cropping in smallholder rubber farms.• Rubber cropping system model demonstration farms.The Philippine Coconut Authority has three major on-going programmes as part of anationwide programme entitled “Maunlad na Niyugan Tugon sa Kahirapan”. These are:- Model Coconut Farms - the major objective is to improve farm productivity andquality of life of coconut farmers by increasing their incomes. This programme has acrop diversification component.- Replanting and Fertilization Programme - involves planting and replanting effortswith balanced fertilization, cover crops and intercrops- General Farm Assistance/Extension Services - concerned with the strengthening oflinkages among coconut farmers, R&D and extension.The Philippine Rice Research Institute is currently engaged in database developmenton rice-based farming systems which includes cropping patterns and number of adopters on anationwide scale.The Department of Agriculture is currently negotiating for World Bank Assistance onthe project entitled “Smallholder Tree Crops Development and Diversification Project”. Theproject aims to alleviate poverty, accelerate private investment in agro-industries, conserveand rehabilitate the environment, and contribute towards agricultural and overall economicgrowth by increasing long-term output, value added and exports for which the Philippineshas a comparative advantage.In order to enhance production and productivity the government continuouslyprovides irrigation services to the farms. In 1997, about 1.34 M hectares were covered byirrigation and drainage facilities. This was approximately 43 percent of the total potentialirrigated areas.6. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSThe agriculture sector has been a major player in the Philippine economy. Withchanging national and global trends, the sector has identified a number of strategies to becompetitive. A strategy that has helped alleviate poverty and increase productivity is cropdiversification. The passage by the Philippine Congress of the Agriculture and FisheriesModernization Act in 1997 is a giant leap towards reaping the previous efforts of bothgovernment and private sectors on crop diversification.Two perspectives on diversification are presented herein. One is planting alternatecrops after the main crop and the other is planting one or more crops in-between a perennialcrop. The emphasis of the former is on rice while that of the latter is coconut. This is sobecause crop production areas in the country are mainly devoted to these two importantcrops. Furthermore, government resources, over the years, have been largely allocated tothese crops, and such cropping strategies have been documented. There are other croppingpatterns practiced in some areas, e.g., corn-legume and corn-root crops. However, these arenot fully documented; hence, these are not discussed in this paper.102
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
Page 58 and 59: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
Page 60 and 61: production, these ratios were deter
Page 62 and 63: soybean using paddy fields should c
Page 64 and 65: food industry have sharply increase
Page 66 and 67: 7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
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the contour with mulching using ric
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development of new crop varieties a
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• Cultivated and growing area und
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other hand, the size of an average
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4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
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increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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