Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversification AreasCharacteristics of soils have a key impact on crop selection. The major soil groups inthe regions where the diversification has taken place are briefly described as follows:Reddish Brown Earth Soils (Haplustalfs and Rhodustalfs)These soils are reddish to reddish brown in colour and found in the upper and midslopes of the landscape in the dry zone. The normal depth is about 1.0-1.2 m. and the waterholding capacity ranges from 100-140 mm/meter depth of soil. The steady infiltration rateranges from 1-5 cm/hr. The percolation rates of the wet puddled soils for the first timeexceeds 100 mm/d and remains at a higher value of 10-20 mm/d even after 6 years ofcontinuous puddling.Low Humic Gley Soils (Tropaqualfs)These are greyish soils found in the valley bottoms of the undulating topography.Soils are deep and moderately fine textured. Water percolation rate remains at 2-4 mm/dafter 6-10 years of continuous paddy cultivation with puddling. Due to the low percolationrates suitability for crop diversification is very low in this soil group.Non Calcic Brown Soils (Haplustalfs)These soils are found in the upper and mid slopes of the landscape and well toimperfectly drained areas. Percolation rate may vary from 1-20 mm/hr. There is a highpotential for crop diversification in these soils during the dry season. However, coarsetextured members of this group are low in productivity.Old Alluvial Soils(Tropaquents)These soils occur in old river terraces. They are generally imperfectly to poorlydrained with high infiltration rates of 5-40 cm/hr. The water holding capacity is low as 40-80 mm for a meter depth of soil. These soils are low in productivity.Alluvial Soils (Tropaquents and Tropofluvents)These soils are reddish to brownish in colour, moderately fine textured andimperfectly to poorly drained. The majority of these soils occur in flood plains and thesesoils are generally deep. These soils are more suitable for rice cultivation.Red Yellow Podzolic Soils (Rhodudults and Tropudults)These are the most widely spread great soil groups found in the wet zone of SriLanka. They occur in diverse landforms and are normally deep. Predominant texturalclasses of surface soils are sandy loam, sandy clay loam or loam and the structure is usuallyweak or moderate with crumb or granular structure. Soil reaction is acidic and the cationexchange capacity may vary from 2-10 c mol kg -1 in surface soils.113
Reddish Brown Latosolic Soils (Rhodudults and Tropudults)Reddish brown latosolic soils are the next prominent soil group found in the wet zoneof Sri Lanka. Most of these soils occur on terrains that have been incised by ecologicalerosion. These soils are relatively young. The texture is mostly sandy clay loam and thestructure is strong crumb to granular under natural vegetation. These soils are normallydeep, soil reaction is slightly acidic and the cation exchange capacity may vary from 4-15 cmol kg -1 in surface soils.Immature Brown Loams (Eutropepts and Dystropepts)These are young soils occurring in close association with Reddish brown latosolicsoils and are mostly found in the wet and semi-wet intermediate zones of the country. Soiltexture is predominantly sandy loam or loam. Structure is often weak crumb or subangularblocky. Soil reaction is acidic in the wet zone and the cation exchange capacity can varyfrom 1-20 c mol kg -1 in surface soil.Alluvial Soils (Troporthents and Ustifluvents)These soils occur mostly in the flood plains and also in valley bottoms in the midcountrywet zone. They are usually deep and variable in drainage and texture. Structure isvariable, ranging from well developed to weak. Soil reaction is acidic and the cationexchange capacities may vary from 5-20 c mol kg -1 .Bog and Half-bog Soils (Tropohemists and Troposaprists)These are mainly confined to the low-lying lands of the west and southwest of theisland. These are poor in drainage and rich in organic matter. Strongly acidic, this soil groupis low in productivity.2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMIC SCENARIOThe contribution of the agriculture to GNP increased by 4.4 percent in 1999.However, the share of the agriculture sector in the GDP gradually reduced during the lastthree decades from 30.3 to 21.1 percent. In 1999, the share of the agriculture sector in theGDP was 20.7 percent. The reduction of the share of the agriculture sector was primarilydue to the fast growth in the industry and services sectors during the past two decades.Table 1 shows the extent, production and trade of the plantation crops and rice in SriLanka. It is clear that the country is producing less than 50 percent of its sugar requirements.114
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
Page 70 and 71: Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
Page 72 and 73: The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
Page 74 and 75: About 78 percent of the rubber grow
Page 76 and 77: should be attractive to justify the
Page 78 and 79: REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
Page 80 and 81: Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
Page 82 and 83: Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
Page 84 and 85: Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
Page 86 and 87: Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
Page 88 and 89: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
Page 90 and 91: We know hill farmers face many prob
Page 92 and 93: Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
Page 94 and 95: 3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
Page 96 and 97: With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 148 and 149: - Farmers can sell their rice at a
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
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in tobacco nurseries. These also he
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past experience. A sustainable prog
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diversification, taking into accoun
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The major outputs are:- Integration
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• Database and information materi
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• Business plans have been formul
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minimize such losses. The developme
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LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
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SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
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FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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