Crop Diversification in the Asia-Pacific region - United Nations in ...

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- Farmers can sell their rice at a higher price (without being suppressed in terms of theprice they want in exchange for the products).- Credit sources can buy rice at a lower price (since they buy directly from farmers andmill the paddy by themselves).- Farmers can obtain consumer goods at a low price because they can buy in bulk (byoperating like a cooperative store and having the privilege of buying commodities ata wholesale price).- Credit sources can dispatch their personnel to various locations to implementdifferent activities, which guarantee better results.8. GOVERNMENT’S POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROPDIVERSIFICATIONThe achievement of agricultural development over the past resulted from thecountry’s existing natural factors which made it more advantageous than other nations, i.e.favourable climatic conditions, vast and fertile planted areas, oversupply and cheapagricultural labour costs. All these factors contribute to low production costs although theyields per unit area are not particularly high. However, as far as the world market isconcerned, Thailand faces stiff competition from the agricultural sector of many countries ofthe world.In the past, plans and directions for agricultural development were laid down in linewith the economic changes and the national development guidelines as follows:During the period of the First and Second National Economic and SocialDevelopment Plans, emphasis was placed on the improvement of the country’s basicinfrastructure. This included the construction of large-scale dams for irrigation andelectricity, roads, the support for research, agricultural promotion and experimentation.Although these plans helped to develop infrastructure in farming communities, they did nottrigger any dramatic improvement in the farmers’ production levels.The Third and Fourth Plans gave emphasis on speeding up agricultural production,quality improvement of export products, and production diversification. The latter wasaimed at widening the range of commodities, that is rather than dwelling only on the majortraditional crops like rice, maize, cassava, and para rubber. During this period, there was agreat number of forest encroachments and expanding farm land. Hence, the importance ofproviding land ownership was taken into account by the promotion of land reformprogrammes. Still, this development did little to change the income distribution structure. Itwas envisaged that income derived from the agricultural sector was much lower than that ofother sectors.During the Fifth Plan period, importance was given to the increase in productionefficiency rather than expansion of planted areas. Attention was also paid to incomedistribution, expansion of prosperity to rural areas, and alleviation of rural poverty problems.But the national development during this plan caused a remarkable disparity of incomebetween agricultural and non-agricultural sectors. With regard to the Sixth Plan, its141
development guidelines had been continued from the previous plan, focusing onrestructuring of agricultural production, increasing production efficiency, promoting theapplication and transfer of technologies appropriated to each area, encouraging the privatesector’s involvement in agricultural development, improving the utilization and conservationof natural resources, as well as improving the administrative system of agriculturaldevelopment.The last three development plans of the Department of Agricultural Extension(DOAE) in 1982-1996 have focused on high output agriculture, resulting in a degradationand misuse of natural resources and causing serious pest, disease, soil and water problems, aswell as problems to farmers’ health. This has led to production problems, especially for therural poor who have little or no access to credit and land rights.The main objectives of agricultural extension development plan of DOAE during the7 th National and Economic Social Development Plan (1992-1996), were to:- maintain and stabilize the agricultural sector growth rate and commodity prices.- generate even income distribution and raise farmers’ income.The objectives are to be met through the following policies:- restructuring agricultural production systems.- stabilize farm prices and farmers’ incomes.- development of farmers’ institutions, improving the quality of life of farmers andmaintenance of the environment.- development of the agricultural extension administrative system.The promotion of crop diversification is a main component of these policies, aimingat improving small farmers’ incomes and their standard of living through producing a lowrisk farming system, with a low capital input, which at the same time conserves naturalresources and causes no harm to the farmers’ health.9. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION POLICY AND MEASURES (FISCAL YEAR2000)The country’s economic and financial crisis has had a detrimental effect on thereduction of annual budget expenditures, resulting in critical unemployment in industrial,commercial and services sectors. Meanwhile, the crisis also affected the increase inagricultural production costs since farm inputs such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides andother agricultural chemicals, pharmaceutical products and fuel have to be imported fromforeign countries.The agricultural sector has played a dominant role in food production; provision ofraw materials for downstream industries; creation of job opportunities in rural areas to absorbthe labour force; and foreign exchange earnings derived from the export of agriculturalproducts. As a result, in this current crisis state, it is anticipated that the agricultural sectorcan help alleviate and rapidly revive the national economic situation to normal levels.142
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RAP PUBLICATION: 2001/03CROP DIVERS
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THEASIA-PAC
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13. INTENSIFICATION OF CROP DIVERSI
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INTRODUCTORY REMARKSMinas K. Papade
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New opportunities that would benefi
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN BANGLADESHM
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(CDP) during 1990/95 in 125 Thanas
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SlName of Crops1 Aus:HYVLocalTable
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Table 4. Trade of Crops/products (I
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through development projects implem
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y the terminal year of the Fifth Pl
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cropping. This has only been possib
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process and export those labour int
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g) restoration/improvement of soil
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8. RECOMMENDATIONSConsidering the i
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enthusiasm of the farmers in their
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3.3 The Formation and Development o
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carried out for years, guarantees t
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environment protection. Special att
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2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SC
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What is most notable is the change
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8.36 m/ha involved in the area shif
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fact that the area shares of the do
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country. Therefore, a judicious use
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5.3 Emerging Technology and Crop Di
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7. CONCLUSIONSIndia, being a vast c
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Table 3. All India: Temporal Change
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Table 5. All India: Temporal Change
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN JAPANMasa I
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production, these ratios were deter
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soybean using paddy fields should c
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food industry have sharply increase
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7. CONCLUSIONSThe Japanese socio-ec
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Figure 2. Change of Rice Productivi
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Figure 4. Aid Provided by Major Cou
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The Natural Rubber (NR) industry co
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About 78 percent of the rubber grow
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should be attractive to justify the
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REFERENCESAnon. 1990. Proceedings o
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Table 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sa
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Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-199
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Table 10. Imports and Exports of Fr
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Table 14. Exports and Imports of Pr
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CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN NEPALK. C.
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We know hill farmers face many prob
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Table 2. Growth of Agricultural Com
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3. PATTERN OF CROP DIVERSIFICATIONN
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With regard to success stories of c
Page 98 and 99: 5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PR
Page 100 and 101: It recognizes the need for a differ
Page 102 and 103: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN THE PHILIPP
Page 104 and 105: 2.3 Yield Per Hectare of Agricultur
Page 106 and 107: In coconut, diversification means t
Page 108 and 109: were used in the preparation of the
Page 110 and 111: There are a variety of factors that
Page 112 and 113: Table 1. Production Area of Commerc
Page 114 and 115: Table 3. Yield (tonnes) Per Hectare
Page 116 and 117: Table 5. Selected Macroeconomic and
Page 118 and 119: Table 7. Dominant Rice Cropping Pat
Page 120 and 121: 1.2 Soils in the Crop Diversificati
Page 122 and 123: Table 1. Major Crops, Their Extents
Page 124 and 125: drained and rice on poorly drained
Page 126 and 127: Figure 3. Schematic Representation
Page 128 and 129: The potato production in the up cou
Page 130 and 131: Table 6 clearly shows that there is
Page 132 and 133: In addition to the above scenario,
Page 134 and 135: 6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGI
Page 136 and 137: Panabokke, C.R. 1996. Soils and agr
Page 138 and 139: y promoting diversified crops inste
Page 140 and 141: Over the past few years, agricultur
Page 142 and 143: Land TenureMore than half of the Th
Page 144 and 145: The New theory is a novel approach
Page 146 and 147: Mushrooms: nang-fah mushroom (Pleur
Page 150 and 151: In order to maintain the growth rat
Page 152 and 153: REFERENCESAthipanan, Withaya. 1995.
Page 154 and 155: CROP DIVERSIFICATION IN VIET NAMNgu
Page 156 and 157: 3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Page 158 and 159: the contour with mulching using ric
Page 160 and 161: development of new crop varieties a
Page 162 and 163: • Cultivated and growing area und
Page 164 and 165: other hand, the size of an average
Page 166 and 167: 4.1 Crop NutritionA major contribut
Page 168 and 169: increased from 130 million ha to 15
Page 170 and 171: in tobacco nurseries. These also he
Page 172 and 173: past experience. A sustainable prog
Page 174 and 175: diversification, taking into accoun
Page 176 and 177: The major outputs are:- Integration
Page 178 and 179: • Database and information materi
Page 180 and 181: • Business plans have been formul
Page 182 and 183: minimize such losses. The developme
Page 184 and 185: LIST OF PARTICIPANTSBANGLADESHM. En
Page 186 and 187: SRI LANKAH.P.M. GunasenaDirectorPos
Page 188 and 189: FAOR.B. SinghAssistant Director-Gen
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