Utilization of <strong>feed</strong> <strong>co</strong>-<strong>products</strong> from wet or dry milling for beef cattle 97to g<strong>as</strong>oline. The GHG emissions of ethanol are dependenton whether wet, modified or dried DGS are produced <strong>and</strong>what animal cl<strong>as</strong>ses are fed.Maize milling <strong>co</strong>-<strong>products</strong> are excellent supplementsfor cattle on high-forage diets because they <strong>co</strong>ntain bothprotein <strong>and</strong> P, which are typically lacking in forage diets.In addition, the lack of starch in these <strong>products</strong> reducesthe negative <strong>as</strong>sociative effects of starch digestion on fibredigestion. Both ADG <strong>and</strong> final BW incre<strong>as</strong>e quadraticallywith incre<strong>as</strong>ed levels of DDGS supplementation, while forageintake decre<strong>as</strong>es quadratically.Co-product <strong>feed</strong>s from the ethanol industry are a great<strong>as</strong>set to the cattle <strong>feed</strong>ing industry. Continued researchshould explore interactions between different types of<strong>feed</strong>s <strong>and</strong> identify ideal <strong>feed</strong>ing situations in order to maximizeperformance.BIBLIOGRAPHYAl-Suwaiegh, S., Fanning, K.C., Grant, R.J., Milton, C.T. &Klopfenstein, T.J. 2002. Utilization of distillers grains fromthe fermentation of sorghum or <strong>co</strong>rn in diets for finishingbeef <strong>and</strong> lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Animal Science,80: 1105–1111.Benton, J.R., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., V<strong>and</strong>erPol, K.J. & Greenquist, M.A. 2007. Effect of roughagesource <strong>and</strong> level with the inclusion of wet distillers grains onfinishing cattle performance <strong>and</strong> e<strong>co</strong>nomics. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka BeefReport MP90: 29–32.Benton, J.R. 2010. Interaction between roughages <strong>and</strong> <strong>co</strong>rnmilling by<strong>products</strong> in finishing cattle. PhD thesis. Universityof Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka, Lin<strong>co</strong>ln, NE, USA.Blanchard, P.H. 1992. Technology of <strong>co</strong>rn wet milling <strong>and</strong><strong>as</strong>sociated processes. Industrial Chemistry Library, Vol. 4.Elsevier, New York, USA.Brent, B.E. & Bartley, E.E. 1984. Thiamin <strong>and</strong> Niacin in therumen. Journal of Animal Science, 59: 813–822.Bremer, V.R., Erickson, G.E. & Klopfenstein, T.J. 2008.Meta-analysis of UNL <strong>feed</strong>lot trials replacing <strong>co</strong>rn withWCGF. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP91: 33–34.Bremer, V.B., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., Gibson,M.L., V<strong>and</strong>er Pol, K.J. & Greenquist, M.A. 2007.Evaluation of a low protein distillers by-product for finishingcattle. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP88: 57–58.Bremer, V.R., Hanford, K.J., Erickson, G.E. & Klopfenstein,T.J. 2010a. Meta-analysis of <strong>feed</strong>ing winter calf-feds orsummer yearlings wet distillers grains with different <strong>co</strong>rnprocessing types. Journal of Animal Science, 88(Suppl.3): 127.Bremer, V.R., Liska, A.J., Klopfenstein, T.J., Erickson,G.E, Yang, H.S., Walters, D.T. & C<strong>as</strong>sman, K.G. 2010b.Emissions savings in the <strong>co</strong>rn-ethanol life cycle from <strong>feed</strong>ing<strong>co</strong>-<strong>products</strong> to <strong>livestock</strong>. Journal of Environmental Quality,39: 472–482.Bremer, V.R., Rolfe, K.M, Buckner, C.D., Erickson, G.E. &Klopfenstein, T.J. 2010c. Metabolism characteristics of<strong>feed</strong>lot diets <strong>co</strong>ntaining different fat sources. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka BeefReport MP93: 74–76.Bremer, V.R., Watson, A.K., Liska, A.J., Erickson, G.E.,C<strong>as</strong>sman, K.G., Hanford, K.J. & Klopfenstein, T.J. 2011.Impact of distillers’ grains moisture <strong>and</strong> inclusion level in<strong>livestock</strong> diets on greenhouse g<strong>as</strong> emissions in the <strong>co</strong>rnethanol <strong>livestock</strong> life cycle. Professional Animal Scientist,27: 449–455.Buckner, C.D., Klopfenstein, T.J., Erickson, G.E., V<strong>and</strong>erPol, K.J., Karges, K.K. & Gibson, M.L. 2007. Comparing amodified dry by-product to dry distillers grains with solublesin growing calf diets. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP90: 15–16.Buckner, C.D., Wilken, M.F., Benton, J.R., Vanness, S.J.,Bremer, V.R., Klopfenstein, T.J., Kononoff, P.J. &Erickson, G.E. 2011. Nutrient variability for distillers grainsplus solubles <strong>and</strong> dry matter determination of ethanolby-<strong>products</strong>. Professional Animal Scientist, 27: 57–64.Cooper, R.J., Milton, C.T., Klopfenstein, T.J., S<strong>co</strong>tt, T.L.,Wilson, C.B. & M<strong>as</strong>s, R.A. 2002. Effect of <strong>co</strong>rn processingon starch digestion <strong>and</strong> bacterial crude protein flow infinishing cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 797–804.Corrigan, M.E., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., V<strong>and</strong>erPol, T.J., Greenquist, M.A., Luebbe, M.K., Karges, K. &Gibson, M.L. 2007. Effect of distillers grains <strong>co</strong>mposition<strong>and</strong> level on steers <strong>co</strong>nsuming high-quality forage. Nebr<strong>as</strong>kaBeef Report MP90: 17–18.Corrigan, M.E., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., Luebbe,M.K., V<strong>and</strong>er Pol, K.J., Meyer, N.F., Buckner, C.D.,Vanness, S.J. & Hanford, K.J. 2009. Effect of <strong>co</strong>rnprocessing method <strong>and</strong> <strong>co</strong>rn wet distillers grains plussolubles inclusion level in finishing steers. Journal of AnimalScience, 87: 3351–3362.DeHaan, K., Klopfenstein, T.J. & Stock, R.A. 1983. Corngluten <strong>feed</strong>-protein <strong>and</strong> energy source for ruminants.Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP44: 19.Farran, T.B., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., Macken,C.N. & Lindquist, R.U. 2004. Wet <strong>co</strong>rn gluten <strong>feed</strong> <strong>and</strong>alfalfa levels in dry-rolled <strong>co</strong>rn finishing diets. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka BeefRep. MP80: 61–63.Fieser, B.G. & Vanzant, E.S. 2004. Interactions betweensupplement energy source <strong>and</strong> tall fescue hay maturity onforage utilization by beef steers. Journal of Animal Science,82: 307–318.Galyean, M.L. & Defoor, P.J. 2003. Effects of roughagesource <strong>and</strong> level on intake by <strong>feed</strong>lot cattle. Journal ofAnimal Science, 81(Suppl. 2): E8–E16.Galyean, M.L. & V<strong>as</strong><strong>co</strong>ncelos J.T. 2007. University researchupdates: Tex<strong>as</strong> Tech University Burnett Center. Proceedingsof the Plains Nutrition Council Spring Meeting, SanAntonio, TX, USA. Tex<strong>as</strong> A&M External Publication No.AREC 007-20.
98<strong>Biofuel</strong> <strong>co</strong>-<strong>products</strong> <strong>as</strong> <strong>livestock</strong> <strong>feed</strong> – <strong>Opportunities</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>challenges</strong>Gigax, J.A., Nuttelman, B.L., Griffin, W.A., Erickson,G.E. & Klopfenstein T.J. 2011. Performance <strong>and</strong> carc<strong>as</strong>scharacteristics of finishing steers fed low-fat <strong>and</strong> normal-fatwet distillers grains. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP94: 44–45.Godsey, C.M., Luebbe, M.K., Benton, J.R., Erickson, G.E.& Klopfenstein, T.J. 2009. Effect of the grains-to-solublesratio in diets <strong>co</strong>ntaining wet distillers grains ± solubles fed tofinishing steers. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP92: 59–61.Gould, D.H. 1998. Polioencephalomalacia. Journal of AnimalScience, 76: 309–314.Graboski, M.S. 2002. Fossil energy use in the manufactureof <strong>co</strong>rn ethanol. National Corn Growers Association,Chesterfield, MO, USA.Green, D.R., Stock, R.A. & Klopfenstein, T.J. 1987. Corngluten <strong>feed</strong> – a review. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP52: 16–18.Griffin, W.A., Bremer, V.R., Klopfenstein, T.J., Stalker,L.A., Lom<strong>as</strong>, L.W., Moyer, J.L. & Erickson, G.E. 2012. Ameta-analysis evaluation of supplementing dried distillersgrains plus solubles to cattle <strong>co</strong>nsuming forage-b<strong>as</strong>ed diets.Professional Animal Scientist, 28: 306–312.Ham, G.A., Stock, R.A., Klopfenstein, T.J. & Huffman, R.P.1995. Determining the net energy value of wet <strong>and</strong> dry <strong>co</strong>rngluten <strong>feed</strong> in beef growing <strong>and</strong> finishing diets. Journal ofAnimal Science, 73: 353–359.Jenkins, K.H., V<strong>and</strong>er Pol, K.J., V<strong>as</strong><strong>co</strong>ncelos, J.T, Furman,S.A., Milton, C.T., Erickson, G.E. & Klopfenstein, T.K.2011. Effect of degradable intake protein supplementationin finishing diets <strong>co</strong>ntaining dried distillers grains or wetdistillers grains plus solubles on performance <strong>and</strong> carc<strong>as</strong>scharacteristics. Professional Animal Scientist, 27: 312–318.Kodera, K. 2007. Analysis of allocation methods of bioethanolLCA. MS thesis. Vrije University, Amsterdam, the Netherl<strong>and</strong>s.Krehbiel, C.R., Stock, R.A., Herold, D.W., Shain, D.H.,Ham, G.A. & Carulla, J.E. 1995. Feeding wet <strong>co</strong>rn gluten<strong>feed</strong> to reduce subacute acidosis in cattle. Journal of AnimalScience, 73: 2931–2939.Larson, D.M., Cupp, A.S. & Funston, R.N. 2010. Extendinggrazing in heifer development systems decre<strong>as</strong>es <strong>co</strong>stwithout <strong>co</strong>mpromising production. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef ReportMP93: 8–10.Liska, A.J. & Perrin, R.K. 2009. Indirect l<strong>and</strong> use emissionsin the life cycle of biofuels: Regulations vs. science. <strong>Biofuel</strong>sBio<strong>products</strong> Biorefining, 3: 318–328.Liska, A.J., Yang, H.S., Bremer, V.R., Klopfenstein, T.J.,Walters, D.T., Erickson, G.E. & C<strong>as</strong>sman, K.G. 2009.Improvements in life cycle energy efficiency <strong>and</strong> greenhouseg<strong>as</strong> emissions of <strong>co</strong>rn-ethanol. Journal of Industrial E<strong>co</strong>logy,13: 58–74.Loy, T.W., Adams, D., Klopfenstein, T.J., Musgrave, J. &Teichert, B. 2004. A system for wintering spring-calvingbred heifers without <strong>feed</strong>ing hay. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef ReportMP80: 7–9.Loy, T.W., Klopfenstein, T.J., Erickson, G.E., Macken, C.N.& MacDonald, J.C. 2008. Effect of supplemental energysource <strong>and</strong> frequency on growing calf performance. 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Professional Animal Scientist,22(1): 14–22.Martin, J., Cupp, A., R<strong>as</strong>by, R., Moline, K., Bergman, J.,Drag<strong>as</strong>tin, M. & Funston, R. 2007. Utilization of drieddistillers grains for developing beef heifers. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka BeefReport MP90: 5.May, M.L., Quinn, M.J., DiLorenzo, N., Smith, D.R. &Galyean, M.L. 2011. Effects of roughage <strong>co</strong>ncentrationin steam-flaked <strong>co</strong>rn-b<strong>as</strong>ed diets <strong>co</strong>ntaining wet distillersgrains with solubles on <strong>feed</strong>lot cattle performance, carc<strong>as</strong>scharacteristics, <strong>and</strong> in vitro fermentation. Journal of AnimalScience, 89: 549–559.Miller, K., Shelor, M., Parsons, G. & Drouillard, J.S.2009. Optimal roughage level in finishing diets <strong>co</strong>ntaining<strong>co</strong>mbinations of flaked <strong>co</strong>rn <strong>and</strong> dried distiller’s grains withsolubles. Plains Nutrition Council Spring Conference. AREC09-18: 97-98.Mustafa, A.F., McKinnon, J.J., Ingledew, M.W., &Christensen, D.A. 2000. The nutritive value for ruminantsof thin stillage <strong>and</strong> distillers’ grains derived from wheat,rye, triticale, <strong>and</strong> barley. Journal of the Science of Food <strong>and</strong>Agriculture, 80: 607–613.NASS [National Agricultural Statistics Service]. 2007.Ethanol <strong>co</strong>-<strong>products</strong> used for <strong>livestock</strong> <strong>feed</strong>. NASS,W<strong>as</strong>hington, DC, USA.NRC [National Research Council]. 1996. NutrientRequirements of Beef Cattle. 7th Ed. National AcademyPress, W<strong>as</strong>hington, DC, USA.NRC. 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Update2000. 7 th revised Ed. National Academy Press, W<strong>as</strong>hington,DC, USA.Nuttelman, B.L., Luebbe, M.K., Klopfenstein, T.J., Benton,J.R. & Erickson, G.E. 2010a. Comparing the energy valueof wet distillers grains to dry rolled <strong>co</strong>rn in high forage diets.Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Report MP93: 49–50.Nuttelman, B.L., Griffin, W.A., Benton, J.R., Rolfe, K.M.,Erickson, G.E. & Klopfenstein, T.J. 2010b. Comparing
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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424Biofuel co-products as livestock
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426Biofuel co-products as livestock
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428Biofuel co-products as livestock
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430Biofuel co-products as livestock
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432Biofuel co-products as livestock
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434Biofuel co-products as livestock
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436Biofuel co-products as livestock
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438Biofuel co-products as livestock
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440Biofuel co-products as livestock
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442Biofuel co-products as livestock
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444Biofuel co-products as livestock
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446Biofuel co-products as livestock
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448Biofuel co-products as livestock
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450Biofuel co-products as livestock
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452Biofuel co-products as livestock
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454Biofuel co-products as livestock
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456Biofuel co-products as livestock
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458Biofuel co-products as livestock
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460Biofuel co-products as livestock
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462Biofuel co-products as livestock
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464Biofuel co-products as livestock
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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