Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Utilization of oil palm co-products as feeds for livestock in Malaysia 257Nutritive valueThe free fatty acid content of SBE ranges from 14 to31 percent, with an unsaturated to saturated ratio of46.5:53.5 (Lai, 1987). Apart from the original bleachingearth, the SBE also contains residual water, inorganicacids, organic acids, silicates and active carbon used inthe refining process. The content of the output variesgreatly, depending on the type of bleaching agents usedand the method applied. Two main methods are chemicaland physical refining. Chemical refining uses alkali toneutralize the free fatty acids, which are then removed assoap. Physical refining subjects the oil to steam distillationunder high temperature and vacuum. Table 18 outlines thenutritive value of the SBE collected from a CPO refinery inSelangor, Malaysia (Wan Zahari, Mohd. Sukri and Wong,2004). Ash content is excessively high, while the proteincontent is low (CP
258Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesconcentrate + 70 percent roughage ration is used forfeeding, the total requirement for concentrate wouldbe about 1.6 million tonne per year. About 78 percentof locally available PKC would be needed annually forbeef production were it to be used in this way as theconcentrate in the above feeding regimen, with OPFutilized as the main roughage source.CONCLUSIONSThe rapid expansion of the palm oil industry in Malaysiahas generated large quantities of wastes from the field andpalm oil mill. Most of the wastes and residues are basicallycellulosic and organic biomass with high nutrient content.Most of the resources can be used as feeds for livestock.At the plantation site, potential feedstuffs include OPFand OPT, while co-products from the milling and refiningactivities include EFB, PPF, PKC, POME and SBE. The availabilityof these resources provides potential for more practicaland cost-effective feeding systems, as feeding valuesand outcomes from the previous and current R&D activitiesare known. Significant development in the processing ofthese feedstuffs, either as an ingredient for total mixedrations or as complete and balanced feeds, would encouragefurther growth in the local goat, sheep, beef and dairyindustry. Intensive rearing of beef cattle on oil palm plantationsalso offers tremendous potential for beef productionin view of the availability of OPF, PKC, POME and SBE foruse as feedstuffs. With changes in livestock productionsystems towards semi-intensive and fully intensive systems,the demand for feed is growing in Malaysia. Growth ofthe local livestock sector aims to meet the self-sufficiencylevel for beef and milk over the next decade, and this createsfurther demand for feed. It is also evident that thesefibre sources are in high demand in markets in Japan,South Korea, Taiwan and the Middle East, in addition tothe Malaysian domestic market. Promotion and marketingof the agro-industrial co-products from the oil palm industryshould be intensified to further expand their use andcommercial potential. CPO, PFAD and other specialty fats,though not usually categorized as oil palm co-products perse, have great potential to be utilized as energy sources fordairy animals, poultry, swine and in aquaculture. The utilizationof oil palm co-products thus aims to convert the largeplantation biomass not only into animal feed, but also intoother commercially viable value-added products.BIBILIOGRAPHYAb Gapor, M.T. 2010. Production of palm fatty acid distillate(PFAD). Lipid Technology, 22(1): 11–13.Abdalla, S.A., Abdullah, N., Ho, W.Y., Liang, J.B. &Shamsudin, A.B. 2001. Degradation and rumenfermentation characteristics of frond silages in sheep.pp. 180–181, in: Proceedings of the 23rd Malaysian Societyof Animal Production Annual Conference, 27–29 May 2001,Langkawi, Malaysia.Abdul Rahman, A.R., Norlizawati, I., Jameah, H. & Ahmad,A. 2010. Evaluation of the performance of inoculumsgeneration use for palm kernel cake fermentation. In:Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on AnimalNutrition, 21–23 September 2010, Johore Bahru, Malaysia.Abu Bakar, C., Aminah, A. & Mansor, P. 1990. Effects offeeding ensiled maize stover on feed intake and live-weightchanges in Sahiwal-Friesian weaners. In: Proceedings ofthe 13th Malaysian Society of Animal Production AnnualConference, Malacca, Malaysia.Abu Bakar, C., Kamaluddin, H., Shamsudin, A.B. & WanZahari, M. 1999. Comparison of dried grated coconutmeal and palm kernel meal as supplement to OPF pellets forintensive rearing of Sahiwal-Friesian heifers. pp. 281–283,in: Proceedings of the National Congress on Animal Healthand Production, 3–5 September 1999, A’ Farmosa Resort,Malacca, Malaysia.Abu Bakar, C., Kamaluddin, H., Selamat, B. & Azahar,I. 2000. Maximizing intake of all oil palm (OPF) pellets bySahiwal-Friesian replacement heifers reared under zerograzingsystem of production. pp. 139–140, in: Proceedingsof the 22rd Malaysian Society of Animal Production AnnualConference, 29 May–1 June 2000, Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.Abu Bakar, C., Yusof, S.M., Hayakawa, H., Wan Zahari,M. & Mohd. Sukri, I. 2001. Lactational responses ofgraded Sahiwal-Friesians fed pelleted OPF as complete feed.pp. 96–97, in: Proceedings of the 23rd Malaysian Society ofAnimal Production Annual Conference, 27–29 May 2001,Langkawi, Malaysia.Abu Hassan, O. 1995. Processing and utilization of oil-palmbiomass (by-products) for animal feed. pp. 197–207, in:Proceedings of the PORIM National Oil Palm Conference –Technologies in Plantation – The Way Forward, 11–12 July1995, Bangi, Malaysia.Abu Hassan, O. & Ishida, M. 1992. Status of utilization ofselected fibrous crop residues and animal performancewith special emphasis on processing of oil palm frond (OPF)for ruminant feed in Malaysia. JIRCAS Tropical AgriculturalResearch Series, 25: 134–143.Abu Hassan, O. & Yeong, S.W. 1999. By-products as animalfeedstuffs. pp. 225–239, In: S. Gurmit, K.H. Lim, L. Teo andDavid Lee, K. (Editors). Oil Palm and the Environment – AMalaysian Perspective. Malaysian Palm Oil Growers’ Council,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Abu Hassan, O., Azizan, A.R., Ishida, M. & Abu Bakar,C. 1993. Oil palm fronds silage as a roughage source formilk production in Sahiwal-Friesian cows. In: Proceedingsof the 16th Malaysian Society of Animal Production AnnualConference, Langkawi, Malaysia.Abu Hassan, O., Ishida, M., Mohd. Sukri, I & AhmadTajuddin, Z. 1996. Oil palm fronds as a roughage feed
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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