Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

Utilization of lipid co-products of the biofuel industry in livestock feed 317FIGURE 4Chemical structure of polyphenolsHYDROXYBENSOIC ACIDHYDROXYCINNAMIC ACIDR 1OHR 1R 2R 3OHOOR 2Protocatechuic acid R 1=R 2=(-OH); R 3= (-H)Gallic acid R 1=R 2=R 3=(-OH)Coumaric acidR 1=(-OH);R 2=(-H)Ferulic acid R 1=(-O-CH 3);R 2=(-OH)R 1R 2R'FLAVONOIDSOR 3HOOOHOOHR''R 5R 4HOOHOOHIf R'=(=O);R''=(-H)If R'=(-H); R''=(-OH)Chlorogenic acidSTILBENESLIGNANSHOH 3COOHHOOCH 3HOOCH 3ResveratrolOHOCH 3Secoisolariciresinoltional characteristics, mainly as a surfactant and emulsifier(Wilson, 2003). However, lecithin products from seeds ofrape, sunflower, glandless cotton and maize are also potentialcommercial sources. Seed of glanded cotton containsmore phospholipids than any other oilseed (with the exceptionof soybean), but has the disadvantage that gossypol (atoxic compound normally present in the cotton seed) tendsto bind to the phospholipids during the solvent extractionprocess (Pickard, 2005).Information about the chemical structure of lecithinsfrom different oils are presented in Tables 10 and 11.Lecithins are used in animal feed recipes as dustsuppressors, economic emulsifiers (e.g. stabilization of milkreplacers for feeding calves) and essential FA sources (VanTABLE 10Fatty acid composition of vegetable lecithins (g/100 g)Fatty acid Soybean Sunflower seed Rapeseed16:0 16 11 718:0 4 4 118:1 17 18 5618:2 55 63 2518:3 7 0 6Others fatty acids 1 4 5Source: Van Nieuwenhuyzen and Tomas, 2008.Nieuwenhuyzen and Tomas, 2008). Feeding soy lecithin toruminants was found to favourably change the FA profilein longissimus muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissuein lambs (Lough et al., 1992). It also increased FAs and