Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Nutritional value and utilization of wheat dried distillers grain with solubles in pigs and poultry 1712009), although the barley and maize contained in the dietsmight have also interacted with the multi-enzyme complexto contribute to the positive response. These results agreewith the positive effects of xylanase on nutrient digestibilityof wheat (Barrera et al., 2004) and wheat co-products fromflour milling (Yin et al., 2000; Nortey et al., 2007, 2008).For performance, enzyme effects depend on numerousparameters (Adeola and Cowieson, 2011). The studyof Emiola et al. (2009) suggests a global improvement ofperformance in animals fed wheat DDGS diets. This positiveeffect of enzymes supplementation is consistent withthe results of Wang et al. (2009), Jones et al. (2010) orPéron, Plumstead and Moran (2009) with pig diets andOlukosi, Cowieson and Adeola (2010) in poultry diets. Incontrast, a meta-analysis carried out by Jacela et al. (2009)involving 4506 pigs (4 trials) and different enzyme typessuggests no beneficial effect of enzymes in maize-soybeanmeal diets containing up to 60 percent maize DDGS. Theselatter results are corroborated by Widyaratne, Patience andZijlstra (2009).KNOWLEDGE GAPS AND FUTURE RESEARCHNEEDSWheat and maize DDGS are produced after a series ofoperations, the last being drying the product for its conservation,transportation and inclusion in dry compoundfeeds. In these stages of the process, and especially duringthe last stage, proteins and carbohydrates interact with theproduction of Amadori compounds generated by Maillardreactions. A major impact concerns the lysine fraction ofthe proteins, which can be destroyed or, at least, blockedand become unavailable for digestion. A major area ofresearch would consist in producing methods for characterizingthese compounds, studying their impact on the physicaland nutritional parameters of wheat (and maize) DDGS,and proposing methods for a rapid and simple predictionof the nutritional value of DDGS, in addition to the classicalprediction methods based on crude nutrients. This wouldalso help the ethanol plants to optimize and standardizetheir procedures, not only for ethanol yield but also accordingto the nutritional value of their co-products (Oryschaket al., 2010b). The important effects of drying on productphysical properties and nutritional value also suggest thepotential of infrared technologies as a quick and reliabletool for DDGS evaluation. This work has been startedand is promising, but it still requires additional data for itscomplete achievement. In addition, the full potential of thisraw material should be evaluated according to its propernutritional values under a least-cost formulation constraintfor diets fed to different animal species and stages ofproduction. Environmental impact of biofuels productionrequires further work, as anticipated by Jarret et al. (2011)and Jarret, Martinez and Dourmad (2011) in terms of slurryproperties, methane production and carbon footprint ofDDGS used as animal feed. Further research would alsobe required for phosphorus evaluation (Widyaratne andZijlstra, 2009), which review also pointed out a lack of referencesin the field of micronutrient and vitamin contents inwheat DDGS. The impact of wheat DDGS on the gut healthof pigs and poultry should also be investigated in orderto have a full overview of wheat DDGS potential in pigand poultry production. Finally, the production of ethanolfrom cereals will probably change in the near future due tofractionation of residues in order to produce protein-, fat-,DF- or micro-constituents-rich fractions, with consequentmajor changes in the composition of DDGS. This impliesthat DDGS characteristics for pigs and poultry nutrition willneed to be defined precisely.CONCLUSIONSThis review shows that wheat DDGS are a potential sourceof energy, protein and phosphorus for poultry and pig diets.However, nutritionists using DDGS in diets for monogastricspecies should be aware of the current variability innutrient content and digestibility. Colour score appearsto be a promising method for a rapid and reliable estimationof both energy and amino acids digestibility, or, atleast, a rapid classification method of DDGS usable fornon-ruminant animals. In practice, a better knowledge ofproduct quality might prevent any detrimental effect inanimals fed DDGS and allow higher inclusion levels. Ourreview also suggests that the processing of DDGS should beadapted and optimized in order to obtain a high quality coproduct.Finally, quality and uniformity improvement mightbe expected for DDGS in the future, but there will also bediversification of the co-products with the production ofmore specific co-products (with or without hulls; proteinconcentrations; germ separation; etc.).ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors would thank C. Gady and P.A. Geraert(Adisseo), Y. Jaguelin and M. Lessire (INRA), L. Le Tutour andY. Primot (Ajinomoto Eurolysine) and J.P. Métayer (Arvalis-Institut du végétal) for their active contribution in many ofthe results used in this review.BIBLIOGRAPHYAdeola, O. & Cowieson, A.J. 2011. Board invited review:Opportunities and challenges in using exogenous enzymesto improve non-ruminant animal production. Journal ofAnimal Science, 89: 3189–3218.Adeola, O., Jendza, J.A., Southern, L.L., Powell, S. &Owusu-Asiedu, A. 2010. Contribution of exogenousdietary carbohydrases to the metabolizable energy value ofcorn distillers grains for broiler chickens. Poultry Science,89: 1947–1954.
172Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesAvelar, E., Ja, R., Beltranena, E., Cervantes, M., Morales,A. & Zijlstra, R.T. 2010. The effect of feeding wheatdistillers dried grain with solubles on growth performanceand nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. Animal FeedScience and Technology, 160: 73–77.Bandegan, A., Guenter, W., Hoehler, D., Crow, G.H.& Nyachoti, C.M. 2009. Standardized ileal amino aciddigestibility in wheat distillers dried grains with solubles forbroilers. Poultry Science, 88: 2592–2599.Barrera, M., Cervantes, M., Sauer, W.C., Araiza, A.B.& Torrentera, N. 2004. Ileal amino acid digestibilityand performance of growing pigs fed wheat-based dietssupplemented with xylanase. Journal of Animal Science82: 1997–2003.Batal, A.B. & Dale, N.M. 2006. True metabolizable energyand amino acid digestibility of dried distiller grain andsolubles. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 15: 89–93.Belyea, R.L., Rausch, K.D. & Tumbleson, M.E. 2004.Composition of maize and distillers dried grains withsolubles from dry-grind ethanol processing. BioresourceTechnology, 94: 293–298.Cozannet, P., Primot, Y., Métayer, J.P., Gady, C., Lessire, M.,Geraert, P.A., Le Tutour, L., Skiba, F. & Noblet, J. 2009.L’utilisation des drêches de blé en alimentation porcine[Wheat DDGS for pigs]. [INRA] Productions Animales,22(1): 11–16.Cozannet, P., Primot, Y., Gady, C., Métayer, J.P., Lessire,M., Skiba, F. & Noblet, J. 2010a. Energy value of wheatdistillers grains with solubles for growing pigs and adultsows. Journal of Animal Science, 88(7): 2382–2392.Cozannet, P., Primot, Y., Gady, C., Métayer, J.P., Callu, P.,Lessire, M., Skiba, F. & Noblet, J. 2010b. Ileal digestibilityof amino acids in wheat distillers dried grains with solublesfor pigs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 158(3-4): 177–186.Cozannet, P., Lessire, M., Gady, C., Métayer, J.P., Primot,Y., Skiba, F. & Noblet, J. 2010c. Energy value of wheatdried distillers grains with solubles in roosters, broilers, layersand turkeys. Poultry Science, 89(10): 2230–2241.Cozannet, P., Lessire, M., Metayer, J.P., Gady, C., Primot,Y., Geraert, P.A., Le Tutour, L., Skiba, F. & Noblet, J.2010d. L’utilisation des drêches de blé pour l’alimentationdes volailles [Nutritive value of wheat and maize DDGS inpoultry]. [INRA] Productions Animales, 23(5): 405–414.Cozannet, P., Primot, Y., Gady, C., Métayer, J.P., Lessire,M., Skiba, F. & Noblet, J. 2011. Standardized amino acidsdigestibility of wheat distillers dried grains with solubles inforce-fed roosters. British Poultry Science, 52(1): 72–81.Cromwell, G.L., Stahly, T.S., Monegue, H.J. & Overfield,J.R. 1983. Distillers dried grains with solubles for growerfinisherswine. pp. 30–32, in: Kentucky AgriculturalExperiment Station Progress Report, No. 274. University ofKentucky, Lexington, USA.Cromwell, G.L., Herckelman, K.L. & Stahly, T.S. 1993.Physical, chemical and nutritional characterisrics of distillersdried grains with solubles for chicks and pigs. Journal ofAnimal Science, 71: 679–686.Emiola, I.A., Opapeju, F.O., Slominski, B.A. & Nyachoti,C.M. 2009. Growth performance and nutrient digestibilityin pigs fed wheat distillers dried grains with solubles-baseddiets supplemented with a multicarbohydrase enzyme.Journal of Animal Science, 87: 2315–2322.ePURE. 2010[online]. Production data for fuel ethanol inEuropean countries. Data as of 28 Jul 2010. Availableat http://www.epure.org/theindustry/statistics Accessed 30October 2011.EvaPig. 2008. A software tool to predict feed value, by INRA,AFZ and Ajinomoto Eurolysine S.A.S. Available at www.evapig.com Accessed 28 October 2011.Friesen, O.D., Guenter, W., Rotter, B.A. & Marquardt,R.R. 1991. The effect of enzyme supplementation on thenutritive value of rye grain (Secale cereale) for the youngbroiler chick. Poultry Science, 70: 2501–2508.Ghazalah, A.A., Abd-Elsamee, M.O. & Moustafa, S.2011. Use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)as replacement for soybean meal in laying hen diets.International Journal of Poultry Science, 10: 505–513.Hazzledine, M. 2009. Nutritional and economic value ofco-products from biofuel production. pp. 291–312, in: P.C.Garnsworthy and J. Wiseman (editors). Recent Advances inAnimal Nutrition 2008. Proceedings of the 42nd Universityof Nottingham Feed Conference, September 2008.Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, England, UK.Ingledew, W.M. 1993. Yeast for production of fuel ethanol.In: The Yeast (2 nd Ed). Vol. 5 – Yeast Technology. AcademicPress, New York, NY, USA.Jacela, J.Y., Dritz, S.S., DeRouchey, J.M., Tokach, M.D.,Goodband, R.D. & Nelssen, J.L. 2009. A meta-analysis ofsupplemental enzyme studies in growing-finishing pigs feddiets containing dried distillers grains with solubles: effectson growth performance. pp. 220–224, in: Proceedingsof the Kansas State University Swine Day, 19 November.Manhattan, Kansas, USA.Jarret, G., Martinez, J. & Dourmad, J.Y. 2011. Effect ofbiofuel co-products in pig diets on the excretory patternsof N and C on the subsequent ammonia and methaneemissions from pig effluent. Animal, 5(4): 622–631.Jarret, G., Cozannet, P., Martinez, J. & Dourmad, J.Y.2011. Effect of different quality wheat dried distiller’s grainsolubles (DDGS) in pig diets on composition of excretaand methane production from faeces and slurry. LivestockScience, 140(1-3): 275–282.Jones, C.K., Bergstrom, J.R., Tokach, M.D., DeRouchey,J.M., Goodband, R.D., Nelssen, J.L. &. Dritz, S.S.2010. Efficacy of commercial enzymes in diets containingvarious concentrations and sources of dried distillers grains
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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