Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

Use of detoxified jatropha kernel meal and protein isolate in diets of farm animals 365TABLE 11Growth performance, nutrient utilization, digestibility measurements, digestive enzyme activities and haematologicalparameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and common carp over an experimental period of 16 weeksParametersControlRainbow troutCommon carpJatropha inclusion levelJatropha inclusion level50% 62.5%Control50% 62.5%Initial body mass (g) 4.12 ± 0.26 4.17± 0.49 4.31 ± 0.54 21.5 ± 0.74 21.6 ± 1.04 21.8 ± 1.03Final body mass (g) 61.0 a ± 9.90 61.8 a ± 6.88 54.6 b ± 5.18 149 a ± 23.0 128 a ± 8.0 104 a ± 31.6FCR 1.3 a ± 0.10 1.2 a ± 0.10 1.3 a ±0.20 1.7 a ± 0.26 1.8 a ± 0.05 2.2 a ± 0.48PER 1.6 a ± 0.10 1.7 a ± 0.11 1.6 a ± 0.40 1.6 a ± 0.16 1.4 a ± 0.02 1.2 a ± 0.26PPV (%) 22.8 a ±1.10 26.3 a ±2.37 25.2 a ± 4.59 26.5 a ± 4.26 26.1 a ± 0.29 21.9 a ± 3.88Digestibility measurements, relative intestine length (RIL), digestive and metabolic enzymes activityPD (%) 89.8 a ± 0.55 89.7 a ± 0.83 84 b ± 1.41 85.9 a ± 0.98 83.2 b ± 0.80 78.6 c ± 0.37LD (%) 95.2 a ± 0.43 95.2 a ±0.80 89.8 b ± 0.86 89.6 a ± 0.51 86.2 b ± 0.76 80.1 c ± 1.65ED (%) 86.8 a ± 0.83 86.1 a ± 0.71 81.8 b ± 1.13 82.0 a ± 1.62 77.7 b ± 1.83 73.4 c ± 0.49Amylase (U/g protein) 4.6 a ± 0.40 3.2 b ± 0.20 2.5 c ± 0.15 17.4 a ±1.32 13.6 b ± 0.83 11.0 c ± 0.76Protease (U/g protein) 50.3 a ± 3.59 41.0 b ± 2.16 32.5 c ± 1.29 36.5 a ± 1.31 28.1 b ± 0.83 20.7 c ± 1.24Lipase (U/g protein) 13.9 a ± 1.02 10.8 b ± 0.38 8.6 c ± 0.48 6.8 a ± 0.29 5.3 b ± 0.32 4.3 c ± 0.22RIL (mm/g) 0.47 c ± 0.02 0.56 b ± 0.02 0.63 a ± 0.01 2.24 c ± 0.07 2.78 b ± 0.10 3.17 a ± 0.10Alkaline phosphatase (U/L) 101 a ± 8.3 96 a ± 25.0 84 a ± 30.7 60.8 a ± 5.6 64.8 a ± 29.6 84.8 a ± 24.4Alanine transaminase (U/L) 48.4 a ± 13.1 75.2 a ± 41.8 71.0 a ± 35.5 80.3 a ± 17.2 61.0 a ± 6.1 64.8 a ± 13.1Blood parametersRBC (10 6 cells/mm 3 ) 0.96 a ± 0.05 0.97 a ± 0.07 1.05 a ± 0.08 1.32 c ± 0.02 1.41 b ± 0.06 1.52 a ± 0.06Albumin (mg/dl) 2.18 b ± 0.28 2.66 a ± 0.15 2.36 b ± 0.53 2.25 a ± 0.48 2.05 a ± 0.71 2.13 a ± 0.05Total protein (mg/dl) 3.8 b ± 0.20 4.1 a ± 0.30 3.8 b ± 0.50 2.78 a ± 0.39 2.83 a ± 0.50 2.88 a ± 0.13Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.70 a ± 0.86 0.98 ab ± 0.22 0.34 b ± 0.21 1.55 a ± 1.12 0.28 b ± 0.15 0.20 b ± 0.00Notes: Values are mean ± standard deviation. For each species, mean values in the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P