Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Utilization of lipid co-products of the biofuel industry in livestock feed 319Source: Fox, 2009.FIGURE 6Chemical structure of squalene(Fan et al., 2010). Dietary supplementation with squaleneenhanced the reproductivity of boars and improved semencount and quality in meat-type male chicken (Zhang etal., 2008; Li et al., 2010). Therefore, the administration ofsqualene with other vitamins and feed additives is expectedto strengthen the immune system and to improve livestockproductivity.A surprising revelation regarding the accumulation ofsqualene in the intermuscular fat in reindeers (northernmostfreely ranging ruminants in Scandinavia) fed pelletsthat contained squalene, was made by Sampels, Pickovaand Wiklund (2005). The levels of squalene found in thereindeer meat (0.5–1 percent) were above the recommendedvalues for common human dietary fats andoils (0.002–0.3 percent squalene in total fat) (Sampels,Pickova and Wiklund, 2005.). This discovery may encourageresearch regarding the deposition of squelene in the tissuesof ruminants and its secretion in milk, in order to promotethe creation of functional foods.POTENTIAL RISKS FROM FRACTIONSCONTAINING SUCH PHYTOCHEMICALSDeodourizer distillates, by-products of the refinement ofvegetable oils, are a known repository for hazardous substancessuch as dioxins, furans, PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)and pesticides. They have been banned from direct usein animal feeds in the United States, due to the elevatedlevels of these contaminants that may accumulate in livestocktissues (biomagnification) (Halbert and Archer, 2007).Therefore, although the new biodiesel production plantsaim to minimize the presence of harmful impurities by utilizingnovel advanced technologies, this crucial issue mustbe supervised by the corresponding authorities (Brambillaand De Filippis, 2005). It is advised that a thorough examinationof the biodiesel lipid co-products should be carriedout in order to assess possible presence of other possibletoxic compound that can harm the health of both animalsand humans (EU, 2003).CONCLUSIONSWhen used correctly and with prudence, the lipid coproductsfrom the biofuel industries could offer significantbenefits to agriculturalists, animal producers and consumersof functional-healthy products. However, adequate riskassessments should be conducted in order to avoid adverseeffects in animals and on public health.BIBLIOGRAPHYArab, L., Steck-Scott, S. & Bowen, P. 2001. Participation oflycopene and beta-carotene in carcinogenesis: defenders,aggressors, or passive bystanders? Epidemiologic Reviews,23(2): 211–230.Awad, A.B. & Fink, C.S. 2000. Phytosterols as anticancerdietary components: Evidence and mechanism of action.Journal of Nutrition, 130: 2127–2130.Bakes, M.J. & Nichols, P.D. 1995. Lipid, fatty acid andsqualene composition of liver oil from six species of deep-seasharks collected in southern Australian waters. ComparativeBiochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry andMolecular Biology, 110(1): 267–275.Behzadi, S. & Farid, M. M. 2007. Review: Examining the useof different feedstock for the production of biodiesel. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2: 480–486.Bloch, M., Bournay, L., Casanave, D., Chodorge, J.A.,Coupard, V., Hillion G. & Lorne, D. 2008. Fatty acid estersin Europe: market trends and technological perspectives. Oil& Gas Science and Technology, 63(4): 405–417.Brambilla, G. & De Filippis, S. 2005 Trends in animal feedcomposition and the possible consequences on residuetests. Analytica Chimica Acta, 529: 7–13.Brandt, R.T. Jr & Anderson, S.J. 1990. Supplemental fatsource affects feedlot performance and carcass traits offinishing yearling steers and estimated diet net energy value.Journal of Animal Science, 68: 2208–2216.Brown, D.R. 2006. Soapstock in ruminant diets. Available athppp:/www.mix30.com/downloads/documents/Soapstock_in_Ruminant_Diets.pdf Accessed 14 November 2011.Buczenko, G.M., De Oliveira, J.S. & Von Meien, O.F. 2003.Extraction of tocopherols from the deodorized distillate ofsoybean oil with liqufied petroleum gas. European Journalof Lipid Science and Technology, 105: 668–671.Calderon, F., Tornambe, G., Martin, B., Pradel, P., Chauveau-Duriot, B. & Noziere, P. 2006. Effects of mountaingrassland maturity stage and grazing management oncarotenoids in sward and cow’s milk. Animal Research,55: 533–544.Cardinault, N., Doreau, M., Poncet, C. & Noziere, P. 2006.Digestion and absorption of carotenoids in sheep given freshred clover. Animal Science, 82: 49–55.Catchpole, O.J., Von Kamp, J.-C. & Grey, J.B. 1997.Extraction of squalene from shark liver oil in a packedcolumn using supercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial &Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(10): 4318–4324.Catchpole, O.J. & Von Kamp, J.-C. 1997. Phase equilibriumfor the extraction of squalene from shark liver oil usingsupercritical carbon dioxide. Industrial & EngineeringChemistry Research, 36: 3762–3768.
320Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesChandrasekaram, K., Ng, M.H., Choo, Y.M. & Chuah, C.H.2009. Effect of storage temperature on the stability ofphytonutrients in palm concentrates. American Journal ofApplied Sciences, 6(3): 529–533.Choo, Y.M. 1994. Palm oil carotenoids. Food and NutritionBulletin, 15(2): 236–240.Choo, Y.M., Low, H.L.N., Puah, C.W., Ma, A.N. & Yusof, B.2006. Recovery of palm phytonutrients. US Patent 7141712.Choo, Y.M., Harrison, L.L.N., Yung, C.L., N.G., Mei, H.,Puah, C.W., Rusnani, A.B.D.M., Ma, A.N., Yahaya, H.& Chung, A.Y.K. 2009. Value addition from crude palmoil-integrated production of palm biodiesel, phytonutrientsand other value added products. Malasian Palm Oil Board(MPOB) Information Series, pp. 43–47.Christie, W.W. 2010. Tocopherols and Tocotrienols., ScottishCrops Research Institute (and Mylnefield Lipid Analysis),Scotland, UK.Chua, C.S.L., Baharin, B.S., Man, Y.B.C. & Tan, C.P. 2007.Separation of squalene from palm fatty acid distillate usingadsorption chromatography. European Journal of LipidScience and Technology, 109: 1083–1087.Colibar, O., Korodi, G. & Popovici, D. 2010. Influence ofby-products obtained from biofuels industry on productiveperformances of lambs. Animal Science and Biotechnologies,43(1): 24–31.Cuchillo Hilario, M., Delgadillo Puga, C., Navarro Ocana,A. & Perez-Gil Romo, F. 2010. Antioxidant activity, bioactivepolyphenols in Mexican goats’ milk cheeses onsummer grazing. Journal of Dairy Research, 77: 20–26.Cusack, P., McMeniman, N., Rabiee, A. & Lean, I. 2009.Assessment of the effects of supplementation with vitaminE on health and production of feedlot cattle using metaanalysis.Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 88: 229–246.De Ondarza, M.B. & Engstrom, M. 2009a. Can betacarotenehelp dairy reproduction? Feedstuffs, 28(4): 1–5.De Ondarza, M.B. & Engstrom, M. 2009b. Production andreproduction responses of dairy cows to supplemental betacarotene.pp. 1–9, in: Penn State Dairy Cattle NutritionWorkshop, 11–12 November.De Ondarza, M.B., Wilson, J.W. & Engstrom M. 2009. Casestudy: Effect of supplemental β-carotene on yield of milkand milk components and on reproduction of dairy cows.Professional Animal Scientist, 25: 510–516.Dikeman, M.E. 2007. Review: Effects of metabolic modifiers oncarcass traits and meat quality. Meat Science, 77: 121–135.Dumont, M.-J., Suresh, S. & Narine, S.S. 2007. Soapstockand deodorizer distillates from North American vegetableoils: Review on their characterization, extraction andutilization. Food Research International, 40: 957–974.Durant, A.A., Dumont, M.J. & Narine, S.S. 2006. In situsilylation for the multicomponent analysis of canola oilby-products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.Analytica Chimica Acta, 559: 227–233.Ellis, K.A., Monteiro, A., Innocent, G.T., Grove-White, D.,Cripps, P., McLean, W.G., Howard, C.V. & Mihmz, M.2007. Investigation of the vitamins A and E and b-carotenecontent in milk from UK organic and conventional dairyfarms. Journal of Dairy Research, 74(4): 484–491.Enjalbert, F., Nicot, M.C., Bayourthe, C., Vernay, M. &Moncoulon, R. 1997. Effects of dietary calcium soaps ofunsaturated fatty acids on digestion, milk composition andphysical properties of butter. Journal of Dairy Research,64(2): 181–195.EU [European Union]. 2003. Regulation (EC) No 1831/2003of The European Parliament and of The Council of 22September 2003 on additives for use in animal nutrition.Official Journal of the European Union L 268/29(18.10.2003). Available at http://irmm.jrc.ec.europa.eu/SiteCollectionDocuments/EC-1831-2003.pdf Accessed 14November 2011.Fan, K.W., Aki, T., Chen, F. & Jiang, Y. 2010. Enhancedproduction of squalene in the thraustochytridAurantiochytrium mangrovei by medium optimization andtreatment with terbinafine. World Journal of Microbiology& Biotechnology, 26(7): 1303–1309.Ferlay, A., Chilliard, Y. & Doreau, M. 1992. Effects ofCalcium Salts Differing in Fatty Acid Composition onDuodenal and Milk Fatty Acid-Profiles in Dairy Cows. Journalof the Science of Food and Agriculture, 60: 31–37.Ferlay, A., Chabrot, J., Elmeddah, Y. & Doreau, M. 1993.Ruminal lipid balance and intestinal digestion by dairy cowsfed calcium salts of rapeseed oil fatty acids or rapeseed oil.Journal of Animal Science, 71: 2237–2245.Finch, J.M. & Turner, R.J. 1996. Review: Effects of seleniumand vitamin E on the immune responses of domesticanimals. Research in Veterinary Science, 60: 97–106.Flythe, M. & Kagan, I. 2010. Antimicrobial effect of red clover(Trifolium pratense) phenolic extract on the ruminal hyperammonia-producing bacterium, Clostridium sticklandii.Current Microbiology, 61: 125–131.Fox, C.B. 2009. Review: Squalene emulsions for parenteralvaccine and drug delivery. Molecules, 14: 3286–3312.Fraile, L.J., Crisci, E., Weenberg, J., Armadans, M.,Mendoza, L., Ruiz, L., Bernaus, S. & Montoya, M. 2009.Effect of treatment with phytosterols in three herds withporcine respiratory disease complex. Journal of Swine Healthand Production, 17(1): 32–41.Frutos, P., Hervás, G., Giráldez, F.J. & Mantecón, A.R. 2004.Review. Tannins and ruminant nutrition. Spanish Journal ofAgricultural Research, 2(2): 191–202.Gardner, N & Rudden, C. 2004. Megalac ® - a global successstory for the use of palm oil in the livestock sector. MalasianPalm Oil Development. 41: 30–31.Givens, D.I., Kliem, K.E., Humphries, D.J., Shingfield,K.J. & Morgan, R. 2009. Effect of replacing calcium saltsof palm oil distillate with rapeseed oil, milled or whole
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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