Utilization of wet distillers grains in high-energy beef cattle diets b<strong>as</strong>ed on processed grain 75May, M.L., DeClerck, J.C., Quinn, M.J., DiLorenzo, N.,Leibovich, J., Smith, D.R., Hales, K.E. & Galyean, M.L.2010. Corn or sorghum wet distillers grains with solublesin <strong>co</strong>mbination with steam-flaked <strong>co</strong>rn: Feedlot cattleperformance, carc<strong>as</strong>s characteristics, <strong>and</strong> apparent totaltract digestibility. Journal of Animal Science, 88: 2433–2443.May, M.L., Quinn, M.J., DiLorenzo, N., Smith, D.R. &Galyean, M.L. 2011. Effects of roughage <strong>co</strong>ncentrationin steam-flaked <strong>co</strong>rn-b<strong>as</strong>ed diets <strong>co</strong>ntaining wet distillersgrains with solubles on <strong>feed</strong>lot cattle performance, carc<strong>as</strong>scharacteristics, <strong>and</strong> in vitro fermentation. Journal of AnimalScience, 89: 549–559.McGinn, S.M., Chung, Y.H., Beauchemin, K.A., Iwa<strong>as</strong>a,A.D. & Grainger, C. 2009. Use of <strong>co</strong>rn distillers dried grainsto reduce enteric methane loss from beef cattle. CanadianJournal of Animal Science, 89: 409–413.Meyer, N.F., Erickson, G.E., Klopfenstein, T.J., Benton, J.R.,Luebbe, M.K. & Laudert, S.B. 2009. Effects of Rumensin<strong>and</strong> Tylan in finishing diets with wet distillers grains plussolubles. Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka Beef Cattle Report, MP92: 86–88. Univ.of Nebr<strong>as</strong>ka, Lin<strong>co</strong>ln, USA.Miller, D.N., Varel, V.H., Woodbury, B.. & Spiehs, M.J.2010. Enhanced reduced sulfur emission from manureof beef cattle fed distillers by<strong>products</strong>. Proceedings ofthe International Symposium on Air Quality <strong>and</strong> ManureManagement for Agriculture. 13–16 September 2010,Dall<strong>as</strong>, TX, USA. ASABE Publ. No. 711P0510cd.Murphy, M.R., Baldwin, R.L. & Koong, L.J. 1982. Estimationof stoichiometric parameters for rumen fermentation ofroughage <strong>and</strong> <strong>co</strong>ncentrate diets. Journal of Animal Science,55: 411–421.NRC [National Research Council]. 2000. NutrientRequirements of Beef Cattle. 7th ed. National AcademyPress, W<strong>as</strong>hington, DC, USA.NRC. 2002. The Scientific B<strong>as</strong>is for Estimating Air Emissionsfrom Animal Feeding Operations. National Academy Press,W<strong>as</strong>hington, DC, USA.NRC. 2005. Mineral Tolerance of Animals. 2nd ed. NationalAcademy Press, W<strong>as</strong>hington, DC, USA.Ponce, C.H., Brown, M.S., Cole, N.A., Maxwell, C.L. &Silva, J.C. 2009. Effects of ruminally degradable N in diets<strong>co</strong>ntaining wet <strong>co</strong>rn distillers grains <strong>and</strong> steam-flaked <strong>co</strong>rnon <strong>feed</strong>lot performance <strong>and</strong> carc<strong>as</strong>s characteristics. 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American Journal of Veterinary Research,65: 45–52.Quinn, M.J., May, M.L., Hales, K.E., DiLorenzo, N.,Leibovich, J., Smith, D.R. & Galyean, M.L. 2009. Effectsof ionophores <strong>and</strong> antibiotics on in vitro hydrogen sulfideproduction, dry matter disappearance, <strong>and</strong> total g<strong>as</strong>production in cultures with a steam-flaked <strong>co</strong>rn-b<strong>as</strong>edsubstrate with or without added sulfur. Journal of AnimalScience, 87: 1705–1713.Quinn, M.J., May, M.L., DiLorenzo, N., Ponce, C.H., Smith,D.R., Parr, S.L. & Galyean, M.L. 2011. Effects of roughagesource <strong>and</strong> distillers grain <strong>co</strong>ncentration on beef cattlefinishing performance, carc<strong>as</strong>s characteristics, <strong>and</strong> in vitrofermentation. Journal of Animal Science, 89(8): 2631–2642.Richards, C.J., Bran<strong>co</strong>, A.F., Bohnert, D.W., Huntington,G.B., Macari, M. & Harmon, D.L. 2002. Intestinal starchdisappearance incre<strong>as</strong>ed in steers abom<strong>as</strong>ally infused withstarch <strong>and</strong> protein. Journal of Animal Science, 80: 3361–3368.Russell, J.B. & Strobel, H.J. 1989. Minireview: Effect ofionophores on ruminal fermentation. Applied <strong>and</strong>Environmental Microbiology, 55: 1–6.Silva, J.C., Cole, N.A., Brown, M.S., Mitchell, D.L., Ponce,C.H. & Smith, D.R. 2007. Effects of dietary fat <strong>co</strong>ncentration<strong>and</strong> wet sorghum distiller’s grains plus solubles on <strong>feed</strong>lotperformance <strong>and</strong> carc<strong>as</strong>s characteristics of finishing heifers.Journal of Animal Science, 85(Suppl. 1): 348 (Abstract).Smith, D.R., DiLorenzo, N., Leibovich, J., May, M.L.,Quinn, M.J., Homm, J.W. & Galyean, M.L. 2010. Effectsof sulfur <strong>and</strong> monensin <strong>co</strong>ncentrations on in vitro drymatter disappearance, hydrogen sulfide production, <strong>and</strong>volatile fatty acid <strong>co</strong>ncentrations in batch culture ruminalfermentations. Journal of Animal Science, 88: 1503–1512.Spiehs, M.J., Whitney, M.H. & Shurson, G.C. 2002. Nutrientdatab<strong>as</strong>e for distiller’s dried grains with soluble producedfrom new ethanol plants in Minnesota <strong>and</strong> South Dakota.Journal of Animal Science, 80: 2039–2645.Spiehs, M.J. & Varel, V.H. 2009. Nutrient excretion <strong>and</strong>odorant production in manure from cattle fed <strong>co</strong>rn wetdistillers grain with solubles. Journal of Animal Science,87: 2977–2984.Stephens, T.P., Loneragan, G.H. & Br<strong>as</strong>hears, M.M. 2007.Reduction of Escherichia <strong>co</strong>li O157 <strong>and</strong> Salmonella in feces<strong>and</strong> on hides of <strong>feed</strong>lot cattle using various doses of a directfedmicrobial. Journal of Food Protection, 70: 2386–2391.Theurer, C.B., Swingle, R.S., W<strong>and</strong>erley, R.C., Kattnig,R.M., Uri<strong>as</strong>, A. & Ghenniwa, G.1999. Sorghum grainflake density <strong>and</strong> source of roughage in <strong>feed</strong>lot cattle diets.Journal of Animal Science, 77: 1066–1073.
76<strong>Biofuel</strong> <strong>co</strong>-<strong>products</strong> <strong>as</strong> <strong>livestock</strong> <strong>feed</strong> – <strong>Opportunities</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>challenges</strong>Todd, R.W., Cole, N.A. & Clark, R.N. 2006. Reducing crudeprotein in beef cattle diet reduces ammonia emissions fromartificial <strong>feed</strong>yard surfaces. Journal of Environmental Quality,35: 404–411.Todd, R.W., Cole, N.A., Parker, D.B., Rhoades, M. & C<strong>as</strong>ey,K. 2009. Effect of <strong>feed</strong>ing distillers’ grains on dietary crudeprotein <strong>and</strong> ammonia emissions from beef cattle <strong>feed</strong>yards.Proceedings of the Tex<strong>as</strong> Animal Manure ManagementIssues Conference, 29–30 September 2009, Round Rock,TX, USA.Todd, R.W., Cole, N.A., Rhoades, M.B., Parker, D.B. &C<strong>as</strong>ey, K.D. 2011. Daily, monthly, <strong>and</strong> annual ammoniaemissions from southern high plains cattle <strong>feed</strong>yards.Journal of Environmental Quality, 40(4): 1090–1095Uwituze, S., Parsons, G.L., Shelor, M.K., Depenbusch, B.E.,Karges, K.K., Gibson, M.L., Reinhardt, C.D., Higgins, J.J.& Drouillard, J.S. 2010. Evaluation of dried distillers grains<strong>and</strong> roughage source in steam-flaked <strong>co</strong>rn finishing diets.Journal of Animal Science, 88: 258–274.V<strong>and</strong>er Pol, K.J., Luebbe, M.K., Crawford, G.I., Erickson,G.E. & Klopfenstein, T.J. 2009. Performance <strong>and</strong>digestibility characteristics of finishing diets <strong>co</strong>ntainingdistillers grains, <strong>co</strong>mposites of <strong>co</strong>rn processing <strong>co</strong><strong>products</strong>,or supplemental <strong>co</strong>rn oil. Journal of Animal Science,87: 639–652.Varel, V.H., Wells, J.E., Berry, E.D., Spiehs, M.J., Miller, D.N., Ferrell, C.L., Shackelford, S.D. & Koohmaraie, M.2008. Odorant production <strong>and</strong> persistence of Escherichia<strong>co</strong>li in manure slurries from cattle fed 0, 20, 40 or 60percent wet distillers grains with solubles. Journal of AnimalScience, 86: 3617–3627.V<strong>as</strong><strong>co</strong>ncelos, J.T. & Galyean, M.L. 2007. Nutritionalre<strong>co</strong>mmendations for <strong>feed</strong>lot <strong>co</strong>nsulting nutritionists: The2007 Tex<strong>as</strong> Tech University survey. Journal of AnimalScience, 85: 2772–2781.V<strong>as</strong><strong>co</strong>ncelos, J.T., Shaw, L.M., Lemon, K.A., Cole, N.A. &Galyean, M.L. 2007. Effects of graded levels of sorghumwet distiller’s grains <strong>and</strong> degraded intake protein supply onperformance <strong>and</strong> carc<strong>as</strong>s characteristics of <strong>feed</strong>lot cattle fedsteam-flaked <strong>co</strong>rn-b<strong>as</strong>ed diets. Professional Animal Scientist,23: 467–475.V<strong>as</strong><strong>co</strong>ncelos, J.T., Elam, N.A., Br<strong>as</strong>hears, M.M. & Galyean,M.L. 2008. Effects of incre<strong>as</strong>ing dose of live cultures ofLactobacillus acidophilus (Strain NP 51) <strong>co</strong>mbined with <strong>as</strong>ingle dose of Propionibacterium freudenreichii (Strain NP24) on performance <strong>and</strong> carc<strong>as</strong>s characteristics of finishingbeef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 86: 756–762.Wainman, F.W., Dewey, P.J.S. & Brewer, A.C. 1984.Feedingstuffs evaluation unit. Fourth report. RowettResearch Institute, Aberdeen, S<strong>co</strong>tl<strong>and</strong>.Wilson, S.C., Morrow-Tesch, J., Straus, D.C., Cooley, J.D.,Wong, W.C., Mitlohner, F.M. & McGlone, J.J. 2002.Airborne microbial flora in a cattle <strong>feed</strong>lot. Applied <strong>and</strong>Environmental Microbiology, 68: 3238–3242.Yang, H.E., Yang, W.Z., McKinnon, J.J., Alex<strong>and</strong>er, T.W.,Li, Y.L. & McAllister, T.A. 2010. Survival of Escherichia <strong>co</strong>liO157:H7 in ruminal or fecal <strong>co</strong>ntents incubated with <strong>co</strong>rn orwheat dried distillers grains with solubles. Canadian Journalof Microbiology, 56: 890–895.Zinn, R.A. 1989. Influence of level <strong>and</strong> source of dietaryfat on its <strong>co</strong>mparative <strong>feed</strong>ing value in finishing diets for<strong>feed</strong>lot steers: Metabolism. Journal of Animal Science,67: 1038–1049.Zinn, R.A., Owens, F.N. & Ware, R.A. 2002. Flaking <strong>co</strong>rn:Processing mechanics, quality st<strong>and</strong>ards, <strong>and</strong> impacts onenergy availability <strong>and</strong> performance of <strong>feed</strong>lot cattle. Journalof Animal Science, 80: 1145–1156.
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and