Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel meal and protein isolate in diets of farm animals 369degradation, leading to increased protein turnover. Usuallyplant protein sources such as soy protein decrease proteinretention because soy protein-based diets are not able toprovide well balanced EAAs and energy for growth (Cheng,Hardy and Usry, 2003). Interestingly, Kumar Makkar andBecker (2011d) found that protein retention in the body ofcommon carp was significantly higher (P
370Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesTABLE 14An overview of the results of replacing fishmeal with jatropha-based feed ingredients in fish and shrimp dietsJatropha-basedingredientSpeciesInclusionlevel in diet(%)CP in diet(%)Experimentalperiod(weeks)Fishmealproteinreplaced indiet (%)Biological effectsReferencesDetoxifiedjatropha kernelmeal (DJKM)Common carp(Cyprinus carpio)24 and 36 38 8 50 and 75 At up to 50% replacement levelgrowth performance and nutrientutilization were similar to those incontrol; >50% replacement leveldecreased performance. Inclusionof DJKM in the diets did notchange blood metabolite, ion andenzyme levels. Also no adversehistopathological changes wereobserved.DJKM Common carp 38 38 6 75 Growth performance, nutrientutilization, oxygen consumptionand metabolic rate were similar tothose in control.DJKM Common carp 25 and 31 38 16 50 and 62.5 No significant difference in growthrate among the groups.DJKMDJKMDetoxifiedjatropha proteinisolate (DJPI)Heated Jatrophaplatyphyllakernel meal(H-JPKM)Rainbow trout(Oncorhynchusmykiss)White leg shrimp(Litopenaeusvannamei)34 and 43 45 12 50 and 62.5 Growth rate and feed efficiencyfor 50% replacement group weresimilar to those for control; 62.5%replacement significantly depressedthese parameters.12.5 and 25 35 8 25 and 50 Shrimp on DJKM-based diet grewbetter than control; nutrientdeposition in the body was similar;hypo cholesterol aemic effectobserved in fish fed DJKM-baseddiet.Common carp 20 and 30 38 12 50 and 75 Growth performance, nutrientutilization and digestive enzymeactivity were similar to those incontrol, and improved proteinutilization in DJPI-fed group.Blood parameters were in thenormal range. Also no adversehistopathological changes wereobserved.Nile tilapia(Oreochromisniloticus)20 and 25 36 12 50 and 62.5 No differences in growth rate, feedutilization, oxygen consumptionand average metabolic rate amongthe H-JPKM diets and control.Kumar et al., 2010b;Kumar, Makkar andBecker, 2011a.Kumar, Makkar andBecker, 2010c.Kumar, 2011.Kumar, Makkar andBecker, 2011b.Harter et al., 2011.Kumar, Makkar andBecker, 2011d.Makkar et al., 2011;Akinleye et al., 2011;Kumar et al., 2011c.cholesterol level is also expected, which could be consideredgood for human health. Histopathological evaluation showed no damage to stomach,intestine or liver of common carp or rainbow trout.USE OF DETOXIFIED JATROPHA CURCAS KERNELMEAL IN POULTRY FEEDSoybean and canola meals (i.e. rapeseed meal) are themajor protein meals used worldwide in poultry feed(USDA, 2010). However, SBM competes with human foodand there is a need to search for alternative plant-proteinsources for poultry feed. Recent research with fish specieshas shown that detoxified J. curcas kernel meal (DJKM)can be an excellent source of dietary protein in animalfeeds, especially in situations where fishmeal and conventionalprotein-rich feed ingredients are in short supply andexpensive (Makkar and Becker, 2009a; Kumar, Makkar andBecker, 2011a, b). The nutrient and energy concentrationsof DJKM compare well with that of SBM, with a highercontent of EAAs (except lysine).Boguhn et al. (2010) evaluated the nutritional qualityof DJKM in turkeys (3-week-old) by including at levels of0 (control), 10 (J 10 ) or 20 percent (J 20 ) into a basal dietbased on maize, SBM and wheat gluten, at the expense ofmaize starch. Body mass gains were 42, 54 and 57g/dayfor control, J 10 and J 20 groups respectively. Feed efficiency(gain:feed ratio) was significantly higher (P
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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