Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel meal and protein isolate in diets of farm animals 361JCM and protein isolate obtained using this process havebeen intensively investigated as soybean and fishmeal proteinreplacers in diets of a number of farm animal species,and these studies are discussed below.DETOXIFIED JATROPHA CURCAS KERNEL MEALAS A PROTEIN SOURCE IN AQUA FEEDAquaculture continues to grow at a faster pace than thefarming of terrestrial animals. For fish and shrimp feeds, themost pressing need is to find alternative protein sources.Several studies performed on partial replacement of proteinsources, especially fishmeal, by detoxified J. curcas kernelmeal (DJKM), heated J. platyphylla kernel meal (H-JPKM)and detoxified jatropha protein isolate (DJPI) in fish andshrimp diets are presented.Use of detoxified jatropha kernel meal incommon carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) dietFeed intake, feed utilization and growthperformanceTwo experiments were performed by Kumar, Makkar andBecker (2011a) wherein 50 and 75 percent (Table 9), and50 and 62.5 percent (Table 11) of fishmeal protein wasreplaced by DJKM, with synthetic lysine added in the DJKMcontainingdiets. Based on visual observations during feedingtime, acceptability and palatability of the DJKM-basedfeeds was similar to the control diet (Kumar, Makkar andBecker, 2011a). High inclusion (>50 percent replacement offishmeal protein) of the detoxified meal resulted in reducedprotein utilization, measured as protein efficiency ratioand protein productive value (Kumar, Makkar and Becker,2011a, 2010c). These results showed that ≤50 percentreplacement of fishmeal protein by DJKM in common carpdiet met the dietary demands for protein and energy.The blends of DJKM with fishmeal, at different levels,were found to have excellent protein, lipid and energydigestibilities in common carp (Kumar, Makkar and Becker,2011a). Protein and energy digestibilties were statisticallysimilar (P >0.05) for the control and the group in which50 percent fishmeal protein was replaced by DJKM, andthese values were higher (P
362Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesprotein feedstuff, such as fishmeal (NRC, 1993). Highavailability of amino acids from DJKM for this fish speciesis expected. In general, the digestibility coefficientsobtained for various jatropha constituents have been high,indicating that a large percentage of those constituents aredigested and absorbed by the fish for further metabolism.Lipid digestibility of DJKM-based diets ranged from 74 to90 percent (Kumar, Makkar and Becker, 2011a). High inclusionlevels of DJKM (>50 percent fishmeal protein replacement)decreased lipid digestibility probably because of itshigh content of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) (Kumar,Makkar and Becker, 2011a, b).Intestinal amylase, protease and lipase activities for thecontrol group were significantly higher (P 50 percent replacement of fishmeal protein byDJKM leads to significantly lower growth and higher feedconversion ratio (feed/body mass gain) in common carp,which could be attributed to factors such as: Lower digestibilities of protein and energy in the diets,leading to lower protein and energy availability fromDJKM (plant protein structures in general are much morecompact than fishmeal protein, so digestive enzymes actslowly on DJKM proteins). The DJKM contains large concentrations of antinutrientssuch as phytate and non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs),and these could adversely affect feed utilization. The digestibility of synthetic lysine, which was added asa supplement to the diets, may be less than that of thenatural amino acid present in the feed ingredients.Retention of nutrients in the whole bodyThe efficiency with which nutrients and energy are retainedfrom feeds provides a useful assessment of the efficiencyof nutrient utilization from diets (Cho and Kaushik, 1990;Booth and Allan 2003; Glencross et al., 2004). Feedingtrials performed by Kumar, Makkar and Becker (2011a,2010c) showed that inclusion of DJKM in a common carpdiet exhibited significantly higher lipid deposition in thewhole body than in the control group. The increase inwhole body fat content on using dietary DJKM-based dietscould be due to the higher content of total carbohydrate inthese diets. Carbohydrates can be converted to lipids in thebody by lipogenesis (Kumar, Makkar and Becker, 2011a).There is evidence that replacement of fishmeal protein byplant protein sources such as maize gluten meal and soyprotein concentrates increases hepatic lipogenic enzymeactivities in fish (Dias 1999; Kaushik et al., 2004), leadingto higher whole body lipid. In fish (salmonids), increasesfound in whole body fat content with the use of dietaryplant proteins, were explained by imbalances in amino acidconcentrations (Kaushik et al., 2004; Bjerkeng et al., 1997).Furthermore, it is suggested that unbalanced amino acidcomposition influences energy metabolism. Vilhelmssonet al. (2004) found an up-regulation of several proteinsinvolved in energy metabolism in fish liver when fed plantproteins (maize gluten meal, wheat gluten, extruded wholeheat, extruded peas and rapeseed meal) and concludedthat the plant proteins increase energy demands of fish.Another possible reason could be a greater supply of someof the dispensable amino acids, such as glutamic acid,in excess by the DJKM proteins that could have led tohigher lipid retention. Involvement of possible metabolicor endocrine mechanisms in eliciting such differences inwhole body lipid deposition is suggested (Kumar, Makkarand Becker, 2011a, b). Proficient protein synthesis requiresadequate availability of all EAAs. Unbalanced amino acidconcentrations in a common carp diet resulted in increasedprotein degradation, and thereby increased protein turnover(Langar et al., 1993; Kumar, Makkar and Becker,2011a, b; Martin et al., 2003). Generally, the plant proteinbaseddiets decreased nitrogen retention in fish and shrimpbecause these diets have less digestible energy and anamino acid profile that is sub-optimal for muscle growth.Interestingly, Kumar, Makkar and Becker (2011a) showedthat when compared with fishmeal, feeding DJKM to commoncarp led to higher whole body crude protein content,showing that DJKM contains optimum digestible energyand has a balanced amino acid profile ideal for fish growth.Dietary inclusion of DJKM reduced the cholesterol level
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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2Biofuel co-products as livestock f
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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Page 330 and 331: 311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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