Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

Potential and constraints in utilizing co-products of the non-edible oils-based biodiesel industry – an overview 335Daxenbichler, M.E., Van Etten, C.H. & Wolff, I.A. 1968.Diastereomeric episulfides from epi-progoitrin upon autolysisof crambe seed meal. Phytochemistry, 7: 989–996.De Oliveira, A.S., Campos, J.M.S., Oliveira, M.R.C., Brito,A.F., Valadares Filho, S.C., Detmann, E., Valadares,R.F.D., De Souza, S.M. & Machado, O.L.T. 2010. Nutrientdigestibility, nitrogen metabolism and hepatic function ofsheep fed diets containing solvent or expeller castorseedmeal treated with calcium hydroxide. Animal Feed Scienceand Technology, 158: 15–28.Diniz, L.L., Valadares Filho, S.C., Campos, J.M.S., Valadares,R.F.D., da Silva, L.D., Monnerat, J.P.I.S., Benedeti, P.B.,de Oliveira, A.S. & Pina, D.S. 2010. Effects of castor mealon the growth performance and carcass characteristics ofbeef cattle. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,23: 1308–1318.Duke, J.A. [1983]. Handbook of energy crops. Unpublished,but available at http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Croton_tiglium.html Accessed 14 November2011.Elangovan, A.V., Verma, S.V.S., Sastry, V.R.B. & Singh, S.D.2000. Laying performance of Japanese quail fed gradedlevels of neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel meal incorporateddiets. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 88: 113–120.El Khidir, O.A., Gumaa, A.Y., Fangali, O.A.I. & Badir, N.A.1983. The use of Balanites kernel cake in a diet for fatteningsheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 9: 301–306.Falasca, S.L., Flores, N., Lamas, M.C., Carballo, S.M.& Anschau, A. 2010. Crambe abyssinica: An almostunknown crop with a promissory future to produce biodieselin Argentina. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,35(11): 5808–5812.Gardner, H.K.J., D’Aquin, E.L., Koltun, S.P., McCourtney,E.J., Vix, H.L.E. & Gastrock, E.A. 1960. Detoxification anddeallergination of castor meals. Journal of the American OilChemist’s Society, 37: 142–148.Gata-Gonçaves, L., Noguera, J.M.F., Matos, O. & DeSousa, R.B. 2003. Photoactive extracts from Thevetiaperuviana with antifungal properties against Cladosporiumcucumerinum. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology,B: Biology, 70: 51–54.Ghandi, V.M., Cherian, K.M. & Mulky, M.J. 1994.Detoxification of castor seed meal by interaction with salseed meal. Journal of the American Oil Chemist’s Society,71: 827–831.Goel, G., Makkar, H.P.S., Francis, G. & Becker, K. 2007.Phorbol esters: structure, biological activity, and toxicity inanimals. International Journal of Toxicology, 26: 279–288.Gould, D.H. & Gumbmann, M.R. 1980. Pathological changesin rats fed the crambe meal-glucosinolate hydrolyticproducts, 2S-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutanes (erythroand threo) for 90 days. Food and Cosmetics Toxicology,18: 619–625.Gowda, N.K.S., Pal, D.T., Bellur, S.R., Bharadwaj, U.,Sridhar, M., Satyanarayana, M.L., Prasad, C.S.,Ramachandra, K.S. & Sampath, K.T. 2009. Evaluationof castor (Ricinus communis) seed cake in the total mixedration for sheep. Journal of the Science of Food andAgriculture, 89: 216–220.Hecker, E. 1968. Cocarcinogenic principles from the seed oilof Croton tiglium and from other Euphorbiaceae. CancerResearch, 28: 2338–2349.Hundsdoerfer, A.K., Tshibangu, J.N., Wetterauer, B.& Wink, M. 2005. Sequestration of phorbol esters byaposematic larvae of Hyles euphorbiae (Lepidoptera:Sphingidae)? Chemoecology, 15: 261–267.Ibiyemi, S.A., Fadipe, V.O., Akinremi, O.O. & Bako, S.S.2002. Variation in oil composition of Thevetia peruviana Juss‘Yellow Oleander’ fruit seeds. Journal of Applied Sciences &Environmental Management, 6: 61–65.James, D.M., Ameh, D.A. & Agbaji, A.S. 2009. Effect ofdietary substitution with solvent extracted neem seed cakeon growth and nitrogen metabolism of albino rats (wistarstrain). African Journal of Biotechnology, 8: 3048–3052.Jeong, Y.Y., Park, H.S., Choi, J.H., Kim, S.H. & Min, K.U.2006. Two cases of anaphylaxis caused by Perilla seed. Journalof Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117: 1505–1506.Kesava Rao, V., Sengar, S.S., Jain, V.K. & Agarawala, O.N.1998. Carcass characteristics and meat quality attributesof rams maintained on processed deoiled mahua (Brassicalatifolia) seed cake. Small Ruminant Research, 27: 151–157.Khan, M.A., Bhuyan, P., Shankar, U. & Todaria, N.P. 1999.Seed germination and seedling fitness in Mesua frerea L.in relation to fruit size and seed number per fruit. ActaOecologica, 1999: 599–606.Kirk, L.D., Mustakas G.C. & Griffin E.L. 1966. Crambe seedprocessing - Improved feed meal by ammoniation. Journal ofthe American Oil Chemists Society, 43: 550–555.Kirk, L.D., Mustakas G.C., Griffin E.L. & Booth A.N. 1971.Crambe seed processing - Decomposition of glucosinolates(thioglucosides) with chemical additives. Journal of theAmerican Oil Chemists Society, 48: 845–850.Kloss, P., Jeffery, E., Wallig, M., Tumbleson, M. & Parsons,C. 1994. Efficacy of feeding glucosinolate-extracted crambemeal to broiler chicks. Poultry Science, 73: 1542–1551.Kolesárová, N., Hutňan, M., Bodík, I. & Špalková, V.2011[Online]. Utilization of biodiesel by-products for biogasproduction. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology,Article no. 126798. 15 p.Kumar, D.R., Vaishnava, C.S.V. & Sajjan, S. 2000. Effect offeeding processed mahua cake on performance of broilerchicks. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 35: 105–108.Konwar, B.K., Ahmed, H.F. & Medhi, A.K. 1999. Biologicalscreening of toxic/incriminating factor(s) in deoiled Naharseed meal (Mesua ferrea). Indian Veterinary Journal,76: 238–240.