Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) andAzadirachta indica (neem) seed cakes forfeeding livestockNarayan Dutta, 1 A.K. Panda 2 and D.N. Kamra 11Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnaga 243 122, India2Project Directorate on Poultry, Rajendra Nagar, Hyderabad 500 030, IndiaE-mail for correspondence: dnkamra@rediffmail.comABSTRACTIndia, with the world’s largest livestock population, intertwined intimately with its crop production, has immensepotential for future growth and development of the livestock sector. However, chronic shortage of protein- andenergy-rich feeds, shrinking grazing land and liberalized export policies are posing serious threats to developingthe livestock industry into an economic enterprise. As the conventional protein-rich feeds are costly, the poor andmarginal farmers of the country are unable to incorporate them in livestock diets to obtain optimum production.Animal nutritionists constantly seek cheaper and easily available non-competitive unconventional agro forestrybasedindustrial co-products for feeding livestock. Agro forestral industrial co-products include Pongamia glabra(karanj) and Azadirachta indica (neem) seed cakes, commonly used only as manure, which is highly uneconomicaland almost unethical in a country having the largest livestock population in the world and facing chronic shortageof good quality feeds for them. In India, 1.3 milion tonne of karanj cake and 0.9 million tonne of neem seedcake are available annually. The toxic principles present in these cakes make them unpalatable, but these toxinscan be removed by various techniques. Industry and progressive farmers are being recommended to include thesecakes in the diet of animals after partial or complete detoxification. De-oiling of karanj cake results in completeremoval of fat-soluble toxic compounds, and water washing of karanj cake and neem seed cake can detoxify thempartially. Therefore, these treated cakes might replace conventional oil cakes (soybean meal or groundnut cake) atup to 50 percent of the nitrogen in diets, without any adverse effect on nutrient metabolism, growth and healthof the animals.INTRODUCTIONProtein-rich feeds are one of the costliest feed ingredientsin animal diets. The roughage-based diets that are theprimary ruminant feed in India are deficit in protein. Poordietary supply of proteins results in low rates of reproductionand production, as well as increased susceptibility oflivestock, including poultry, to metabolic disorders andinfectious diseases. The strategy for improving livestockproduction has therefore been to maximize the efficiency ofutilization of the available feed resources in the rumen byproviding optimum conditions for microbial growth and bysupplementation with protein-rich feeds like oil seed cakes,thus optimizing the ratio of energy to protein. Animalnutritionists constantly seek cheaper, easily available, noncompetitive(with human food), unconventional agroforestaland industrial co-products for feeding to ruminantsand poultry. The feed deficit in India is currently 11 percentfor dry fodder, 28 percent for concentrate and 35 percentfor green fodder (NIANP, 2005).Oilseed cakes are commonly used as protein supplementsin India. Dikshit and Birthal (2010) estimated thefeed consumption rates for different livestock species andthe generated demand for different types of feeds by theyear 2020, when India is forecast to require 56 ×10 6 tonneof concentrate feeds, comprising 27.4 ×10 6 tonne of cereals,4.0 ×10 6 tonne of pulses, 20.6 ×10 6 tonne of oilseeds,oilcakes and meals and 3.6 ×10 6 tonne of manufacturedfeed. The present requirement for concentrate feeds in thecountry is 47.3 ×10 6 tonne (Dikshit and Birthal, 2010), butthe availability is only 34 ×10 6 tonne. There has been seriousconcern over the question of protein scarcity emergingas the major constraint to dairy development in the comingyears. Several strategies have been examined by scientists,policy-makers and administrators, amongst which are: restricting oilseed meal exports as a means of increasingdomestic availability of oilseed proteins; developing ways to increase rapidly the cultivated areaunder high-protein green fodders;
380Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesMAIN MESSAGES By 2020, India can be expected to have an annualrequirement for 56×10 6 tonne of concentrate feeds,comprising 27.4×10 6 tonne of cereals, 4.0×10 6 tonne ofpulses, 20.6×10 6 tonne of oilseeds, oilcakes and meals,and 3.6×10 6 tonne of manufactured feed. Conventionally, different parts of Pongamia glabaraare used for different purposes: the oil is used as alubricant, water-paint binder, pesticide, in soap making,for tanning, fuel for cooking and lamps, in rheumatism,herpes, enhancing the pigmentation of skinaffected by leucoderma or scabies; and the leaf juiceis used in treating colds, coughs, diarrhoea, dyspepsia,flatulence, gonorrhoea and leprosy, and as an anthelmintic,digestive and laxative aid. Neem oil and other products of the neem tree are usedtraditionally for making cosmetics (soaps, mild detergents,creams, tooth cleanser) and in traditional Indianmedicine (skin infections, inflammations, fever, leprosy,malaria, tuberculosis, worm infestation, eczema,etc.), in addition to use as an anti-bacterial and antifungalagent in bio-manure and in plant protection. Karanj and neem seed cakes are rich in protein. Thecrude protein content of rotary-pressed karanj cakeranges from 6 to 24 percent, while it varies from 22.0to 28.7 percent in expeller-pressed karanj cake and30.0 to 34.0 percent in solvent-extracted karanj cake.On a dry matter basis, neem seed cake contains12.4to 19.6 percent crude protein, de-oiled NSC contains17.9–18.4 percent crude protein, and neem seed kernelcake contains 33.5–40.8 percent crude protein. Karanj cake toxins include furanoflavones (karanj,pongamol, pongapin, pongaglabron, kanjone, isopongaflavonelanceolatin B), tannins and trypsin inhibitors.Karanj and pongamol are the most importanttoxic factors, and its bitterness is attributed to thesetwo compounds. Neem seed cake contains toxic triterpenoids(azadirachtin, salanin, nimbin, nimbidiol) and its bitternessis attributed to these compounds. The anti-nutritional factors of karanj cake are solublein oil. Complete removal of oil from cake appears to bemore effective than other treatment methods. Water-washed or de-oiled karanj cake and waterwashedneem seed cake may be incorporated at upto 50 percent of the nitrogen moiety of conventionalprotein supplements like soybean meal or groundnutcake without any adverse effect on nutrient metabolism,growth or health of animals. developing technical interventions to improve utilizationof existing protein sources in the rumen through protectionof degradable proteins; and identifying unconventional oil cake sources, and theirdetoxification for use as animal feed.In the present chapter, efforts have been made to consolidateinformation available on Pongamia glabra (karanj)and Azadirachta indica (neem) seed cakes with respectto their chemical composition, toxic compounds present,detoxification and the effects of their inclusion in the dietsof ruminants and poultry on the physiology and health ofthese animals and the quality of their products.KARANJ (PONGAMIA GLABRA) CAKEThe ambitious National Biodiesel Mission aims to meet20 percent of India’s diesel requirements through bio-dieselby 2016–2017. Since the demand for edible vegetable oilexceeds supply, the government has decided to use nonedibleoil seeds as biodiesel feedstock. Biofuels offer anumber of environmental, social and economic advantages,including lower emissions of harmful pollutants; decreasedgreenhouse gas emissions; increased employment opportunities;increased energy security, especially in rural areas;decreased dependence on oil imports; and good fuelproperties for vehicles. The national mission on biofuels hasalready been launched in two phases. Under the first phase,jatropha and karanj plantations would be established on400 000 ha of government-owned land. Among the variousagro forest based industrial co-products, the current useof karanj cake primarily as manure is highly uneconomicaland almost unethical in a country having the largest livestockpopulation in the world and facing chronic shortageof quality feeds for them. Karanj cake will be available as aco-product from the biodiesel plants in appreciable quantitiesin various parts of the country, and could be used as asource of protein for economic livestock production.Availability and conventional uses of PongamiaglabaraPongamia glabra (syn. Pongamia pinnata), commonlyknown as karanj (pongam oil tree), belongs to the familyLeguminosae. It is a medium-sized, deciduous, glabrous,fast growing tree with a spreading crown of up to 25 m,and capable of growing under a wide range of agro climaticconditions (Parmar, Sahrawat and Mukherjee, 1976). InIndia, it is found abundantly in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,Jharkhand, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and WestBengal. The tree is adapted to humid and subtropical envi-
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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Utilization of co-products of the b
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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