Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

196Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesTABLE 14Relative performance of pigs fed supplemental glycerin (1)Glycerinequivalency (2) ADG ADFI G:F ratio Base feed Pig size Source4.0 (3) 105 109 98 Wheat-soybean meal-fish meallactose9–22 kg Ziljstra et al., 20098.0 (3) 108 105 1045.0 98 100 99 Maize- soybean meal 10–22 kg Hinson, Ma and Allee, 20082.7 107 103 103 Maize- soybean meal 11–25 kg Groesbeck et al., 20085.4 108 104 1034.8 105 108 97 Barley- soybean meal 31–82 kg Kijora et al., 19959.7 112 112 10019.4 96 103 9429.4 82 105 782.9 103 108 97 Barley- soybean meal 24–95 kg Kijora and Kupsch, 20064.9 102 106 977.6 102 101 1018.3 102 107 9710.0 103 104 10010.0 106 110 96 Barley- soybean meal 27–100 kg Kijora et al., 19974.6 114 110 103 Barley- soybean meal 32–96 kg Kijora et al., 19959.7 119 113 1065.0 97 101 96 Wheat- soybean meal 35–102 kg Mourot et al., 19944.2 101 102 97 Maize- soybean meal (whey in 8–133 kg Lammers et al., 2008b8.5 100 103 97Phase 1)4.2 103 103 100 Maize- soybean meal 28–119 kg Stevens et al., 20088.4 103 104 9912.6 100 108 922.5 99 99 99 Maize- soybean meal 31–124 kg Duttlinger et al., 2008b5.0 99 101 983.0 98 104 93 Wheat-barley-lupin, soybean 51–105 kg Hansen et al., 20096.1 87 93 95meal -blood meal-meat meal9.1 96 102 9412.2 91 98 936.6 104 105 98 Maize-soybean meal 31–127 kg Schieck et al., 2010b2.5 97 99 98 Maize-soybean meal 78–102 kg Duttlinger et al., 2008a5.0 95 97 985.0 101 100 101 Maize-barley-wheat bran- soybean 43–159 kg Casa et al., 200810.0 96 100 95meal5.0 106 105 101 Maize- soybean meal 93–120 kg Mendoza et al., 2010a10.0 100 101 9815.0 95 100 95Notes: ADG = average daily gain; ADFI = average daily feed intake; BW= body weight. (1) Percentage relative to pigs fed the diet containing nosupplemental glycerin. Percentage difference does not necessarily mean there was a significant difference from pigs fed the diet containing nosupplemental glycerin. Main dietary ingredients and weight range of pigs tested are also provided with each citation. (2) Represents a 100% glycerinbasis. In studies utilizing crude glycerin, values adjusted for purity of glycerin utilized. (3) Unknown purity, but product contained 6.8% ash and 15.6%ether extract.dry weight of DDGS is contributed by yeast cell biomass(Ingledew, 1999). Beta-glucans, mannan-oligosaccharides,chitin and proteins are biologically important fractions ofyeast cell walls and many of these compounds are capableof stimulating phagocytosis (Stone, 1998). Yeast cells alsocontain nucleotides, glutamate and other amino acids,vitamins and trace minerals, which may also affect theactivity of the immune system when fed to pigs (Stone,1998).Whitney, Shurson and Guedes (2006a, b) conductedtwo experiments to investigate if adding 10 or 20 percentDDGS to the diet of young growing pigs was effective inreducing the prevalence, length or severity of intestinallesions produced by porcine proliferative enteropathy (ileitis)after pigs were challenged with Lawsonia intracellularis.These results indicated that dietary inclusion of DDGS mayaid in resisting a moderate ileitis challenge similar to anapproved antimicrobial regimen, but under more severechallenges, DDGS may not be effective.Knott et al. (2005) studied the effects on weaned pigs offeeding spray-dried CDS, a spray-dried, high lipid fractionof CDS and a residual solubles fraction of CDS after thelipid was removed. Pigs fed diets containing either driedcondensed distillers soluble or the residual soluble fractionhad growth performance that was similar to that of pigsfed diets containing carbadox, but lower ADG and ADFI