Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

Co-products of the United States biofuels industry as alternative feed ingredients for aquaculture 405FIGURE 2Estimates of DDGS use by livestock class (in milliontonnes) and percent of total for each use3 752, 8%5 606,12%based biodiesel co-products. But, our discussion will belimited to glycerin, and will not cover SBM or various soyprotein concentrates or isolates. These topics have beencovered in depth elsewhere (Gatlin et al., 2007; Hertrampfand Piedad-Pascual, 2000; U.S. Soybean Export Council,2011). Furthermore, algae-based biofuels have much promisefor the future of the biofuels industry, but, to date,post-extraction algal residues use in any fish feeding trialshas not been reported.6 524,14%Beef cattleDairy cattleSwinePoultrySource: Adapted from Hoffman and Baker, 2010.30 0863, 66%(rapeseed), castor beans, copra, cottonseed, flaxseed, jatropha,palm oil, poppy seed, safflower seed, sesame seed,shea nut, sunflower seed, animal rendering and others. Theprimary source for biodiesel in the United States, however,is soybean. Thus, our discussion will be focused on soy-PROPERTIES OF DISTILLERS GRAINPhysical propertiesSome of the physical properties that are important toaquafeeds include particle size, bulk density and flowability.Because of the small size (