Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Use of palm kernel cakes, co-products of the biofuel industry, in collared peccary feeds 2652000 fruits per year (Lorenzi et al., 1996). Each fruit canweigh between 40 and 400 g dry weight (Revilla, 2002).Each 17.6 kg of fruit provides 2.6 kg of epicarp, 3.5 kgof mesocarp, 10.4 kg of endocarp and 1.1 kg of kernels(Wisniewski and Melo, 1981).The seed is the principal product extracted from thefruit, and represents the greatest commercial and industrialvalue. One fruit contains from 3 to 5 seeds, which areextracted manually by traditional cottier families, being themost important source of income for the landless populationin the interior regions where babassu is found. In thestate of Maranhão, seed extraction involves more than300 000 families, especially women (called “breakers”).The food products from the babassu and oil palm productioncould significantly contribute to food security in theAmazon forest region, and currently provide a large varietyof foods and an adequate health standard for the population(Alencar et al., 2007). These palms could be used fornumerous purposes, such as the production of starch, charcoal,soap, margarine, oil tar, alcohol, palmetto and, morerecently, biodiesel. Nevertheless, the remainder of the plant,which constitutes the bulk of the plant, is not normallycommercialized, and could be considered as an alternativesource of low-cost energy for animal feed.USE OF BABASSU (ORBIGNYA PHALERATA) INTHE FEED OF COLLARED PECCARIES RAISED INCAPTIVITYVery few studies have been carried out regarding sustainableproduction systems for native wild animals maintainedin captivity for commercial purposes. These systems mayplay an important role in conservation because these speciesare under constant human pressure due to subsistenceand commercial hunting, fragmentation of the habitat anddeforestation.In the Amazon region, subsistence hunting of game animalsprovides a significant proportion of the protein componentof the diet of rural families (Robinson and Bodmer,1999; Peres, 2000, 2001). In certain regions, the trade inbushmeat and other co-products of game animals is a greatsource of income (Bodmer, 2000; Baia Junior, Guimarãesand Le Pendu, 2010.).The collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) is a wild species whichis frequently hunted. Its diet in its natural environment is basicallyfruit, leaves and roots, and in captivity can easily adaptto different types of feed, including grain, fruits, potherbs,roots and fodder, and accepts porcine commercial feed(Albuquerque and Hühn, 2001; Albuquerque et al., 2004)The collared peccary belongs to the Suiformes suborderand the Tayassuidae family. The animals belonging to hisfamily possess a stomach subdivided into compartments,and some authors suggest that its digestive physiologycould be similar to that of ruminants. Due to its low requirementsfor protein and its high digestive performance, theseanimals are able to adapt to green foods such as fodder(Comizzoli et al., 1997; Cavalcante Filho et al., 1998;Mendes, 2008), and the wild collared peccary resort to thistype of diet when there is a scarcity of fruits.Captive breeding of collared peccary has been proposedby Nogueira-Filho (1999), Albuquerque et al. (2004) andGarcia et al. (2005). This could be a new source of incomefor rural Brazilian producers, supported by supplementingthe animal’s diet with alternative sources of low-cost feed.Albuquerque (2006) studied the use of babassu cakeas an alternative energy source in the captive collared peccary’sdiet. In the experiment, babassu cake substitutedmaize at varying levels in feed formulated for animals in thetermination phase, and animal performance was evaluatedusing daily weight gain and daily feed consumption. Afterthe experimental phase the animals were slaughtered toanalyse the carcasses.Table 1 shows the chemical characteristics of the experimentalfeed, and Table 2 shows the average compositionof the ingredients used in the experiment. The experimentalfeed was based on maize and soy bran, replaced with varyinglevels of babassu cake.At the end of the experimental phase, when theexperimental animals reached slaughter weight (averageof 16.25 kg and 7 months old), they were weighed. Afterthis, the animals were fasted for 24 hours, re-weighed andTABLE 1Average chemical characteristics of the ingredients of the experimental feedIngredient DM MM P CF CP Ca EE NDF ADF SodiumSoy bran (1) 88.1 6.6 0.6 5.9 45.5 0.3 1.4 14.1 7.8 0.1Maize (1) 87.1 1.3 0.2 2.0 8.6
266Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesTABLE 2Average composition of experimental feedsIngredientInclusion levels of babassu cake in the feedTA TB TC TDBabassu (cake) 0.0 15.7 31.3 47.0Maize 78.3 62.7 47.0 31.3Soy bran 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6Soy oil 1.0 3.5 3.5 3.5Dicalcium phosphate 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25Calcitic lime 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78Salt 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40Lysine-HCl 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.00Vitamin supplement (1) 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.40Mineral supplement (2) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10Inert 3.00 0.65 0.65 0.65Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00Calculated ValuesDigestible energy (Kcal) 3304 3304 3304 3304Gross protein 13.5 13.5 13.5 13.5Calcium 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.19Total phosphorus 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.78Available phosphorus 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53Lysine 0.49 0.49 0.49 0.49Methionine+cystine 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41Threonine 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.41Tryptophan 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11Sodium 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19Notes: TA = Control feed based on maize and soy bran; TB = Feedcontaining 20% babassu cake and 80% maize; TC = Feed containing40% babassu cake and 60% maize; TD= Feed containing 60% babassucake and 40% maize.(1) Vitamin supplementation per kg of feed: vitamin A = 625 000 IU;vitamin D3 = 125 000 IU; vitamin E = 3375 IU; folic acid + 875 mg; biotin= 27.56 mg; choline chloride = 2475 mg; niacin = 4000 mg; pantothenicacid = 2000 mg; thiamine = 175 mg; riboflavin = 550 mg; pyridoxine =175 mg; vitamin B 12 = 2800 mg; antioxidant = 200 mg.(2) Mineral supplementation per kg of feed: Iron = 22 000 mg; copper =5000 mg; zinc = 18 750 mg; manganese = 12 500 mg; iodine = 238 mg;selenium = 56.3 mg; cobalt = 116 mg.Values calculated in accordance with the nutritional demands in basalfeed for swine of low genetic potential.Source: Rostagno et al., 2000.TABLE 3Average daily weight gain (DWG) and daily feed intake(DFI) of the collared peccary in the terminal phaseParameterInclusion levels of babassu cake in the feed (%)0 20 40 60 SEDWG (g) 32.7 38.0 44.7 37.0 4.6DFI (g) 355.5 359.1 356.1 362.2 11.4Notes: SE = Standard error. Source: Albuquerque, 2006.then sent to the abattoir. The characteristics of the animalcarcasses included in this study were dressing percentage,corporal composition, carcass measurements, organsand glands, and commercial cuts. Table 3 shows the dailyweight gain and daily feed intake in the terminal phase.In this experiment, no significant (P >0.05) relationshipswere observed between the levels of babassu cakeand DWG and DFI. The DWG at the 40 percent babassucake inclusion level showed an increase of 36.74 percentcompared with the basal diet. No significant effects wereobserved in DFI.Evaluation of the carcassTables 4, 5, 6 and 7 show the variables studied in the carcassevaluation of the experimental collared peccaries. Thelevels of babassu cake did not affect the variables of liveweight, fasting weight, hot carcass, cold carcass, length,hide, hind and front feet, as shown in Table 4.Albuquerque (1993) evaluated the carcasses of male,female and castrated male capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris)slaughtered after the terminal phase, and foundno significant differences (P >0.05) in carcass componentsamong different experimental groups.Silva et al. (2002) studied the effects on the animalcarcass of different levels of CP in the diet of collared peccariesslaughtered after the terminal phase, but they foundno significant differences. The carcass length was between55.25 and 57.63 cm, and was greater than reported byAlbuquerque (2006). The authors did not report the age ofthe animals studied, but it is thought that they were older,due to the differences in body length.Albuquerque (2006) observed no significant differences(P >0.05) in hot or cold dressing percentages related tovarying levels of babassu cake (Table 5), and ribs, gammon,shoulder blades and percentage of gammon in relation tothe cold, left half-carcass (Table 6). There was an increaseover basal feed of 7.1 percent for ribs, 8.9 percent for gammon,6.4 percent for shoulder blades, and 21.6 percentfor percentage of gammon relative to the cold, left half-TABLE 4Measurements of the carcass components of slaughteredcollared peccaries after the terminal phaseParameterLevels of babassu cake in the feed (%)0 20 40 60 SELive weight (g) 16533 15633 16600 16233 834.8Fasting weight (g) 16467 15700 16400 16000 746.8Hot carcass (g) 9233 8267 9500 9500 407.5Cold carcass (g) 9141 8184 9405 9405 403.4Carcass length (cm) 23 21 21 21 0.8Blood (g) 148 212 217 204 27.0Hide (g) 2088 1892 1998 1980 103.5Hind feet (g) 123 122 130 117 4.7Front feet (g) 122 122 120 120 2.7Notes: SE = Standard error. Source: Albuquerque, 2006.TABLE 5Averages of the dressing percentage of slaughteredcollared peccaries after the termination phaseParameterLevels of babassu cake in the feed (%)0 20 40 60 SEHDP (%) 56.1 53.2 57.8 59.4 2.62CDP (%) 55.5 52.6 57.2 58.8 2.59Notes: SE = Standard error; HDP = Hot dressing percentage; CDP = Colddressing percentage. Source: Albuquerque, 2006
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xiiCBMCBSCCDSCCKCDOCDSCFCFBCFRCGECI
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xivHCHOHClHCNHisH-JPKMHMCHPDDGHPDDG
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xviPPbPCVPDPEMPFADPhePJPKCPKEPKMPKO
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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Co-products from biofuel production
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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Use of detoxified jatropha kernel m
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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Use of Pongamia glabra (karanj) and
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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An assessment of the potential dema
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483Chapter 27Biofuels: their co-pro
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Biofuels: their co-products and wat
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501Chapter 28Utilization of co-prod
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523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
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Contributing authors 525for the Fee
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Contributing authors 527Friederike
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Contributing authors 529Sustainable
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Contributing authors 531During the
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Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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