Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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Biofuels: their co-products and water impacts in the context of life-cycle analysis 495FIGURE 14Well-to-wheels GHG emissions of petroleum fuels and biofuels (g/MJ) Notes: For codes,see Table 5; EtOH = ethanol150Life-Cycle GHG Emissions (gCO 2e/MJ)100500-50-100-150DMGasoline Diesel Corn-EtOH Switchgrass -EtOHPump-to-WheelsWell-to-PumpE$PDEMDME$DME$HBiodiesel Renewable DieselWell-to-WheelsThe biofuels community has not standardized itsapproach to allocation of environmental impacts among coproductsin biofuel LCA. Based on the results of this analysis,however, Wang, Huo and Arora (2011) recommend thatLCA practitioners apply the following convention:• When an energy product is the main product, nonenergyproducts can be called by-products. Other energyproducts can be called co-products.• When energy and non-energy products are producedequally (according to mass, energy or revenue allocation),both products can be called co-products.In the former case, the displacement method can beused for energy product LCA. In the latter case, the displacementmethod may not be appropriate for an LCA ofthe energy product. To cite an example considered herein,in a dry-mill maize ethanol plant, ethanol and DGS areproduced at rates of 0.22 and 0.19 kg/L, respectively, andthus may be treated as co-products with the displacementallocation methodology.Most importantly, LCA practitioners must maintain transparencywhen delivering biofuel LCA results, clearly explainingtheir allocation methodology in dealing with jointproducts and conducting sensitivity analyses of differentallocation methods. For detailed discussions, see Wang, Huoand Arora (2011).WATER CONSUMPTION ALLOCATION BETWEENETHANOL AND CO-PRODUCTSCo-products of starch and cellulosic ethanol productionaffect not only the allocation of energy consumption andGHG emissions, but of water consumption as well. A recentstudy (Wu and Chiu, 2011) considered water consumptionin the production of first- and second-generation biofuels,comparing water consumption in these fuel pathways towater consumption during the production of traditionalgasoline from United States conventional crude, SaudiArabian crude and Canadian oil sands. The authors alsoallocated water use among biofuels and their co-products(DDGS and electricity). The study included in its scope thefeedstock production (growth and harvesting) and fuel productionsteps of the fuels’ lifecycles. It defined water consumptionas the difference between freshwater input duringboth feedstock and fuel production and used water that isrecycled or returned to water bodies. Irrigation water, processwater and make-up water for fuel processing were consideredwater inputs. Consumed and recycled water wereconsidered total water output. Finally, water loss includesevaporation, discharge, disposal and uptake into products.The study included USDA Regions Five, Six and Seven(Figure 15) because the bulk of the nation’s biofuel feedstockand ethanol derives from these regions. The authorsestimated consumptive irrigation water use for each regionand determined ethanol plant water consumption use inthe regions.For cellulosic ethanol, the authors assumed the switchgrassfeedstock to be grown without irrigation. Waterconsumption during fuel processing was determined froma NREL process model (Humbird et al., 2011) because technologyfor converting lignocellulosic feedstocks to biofuelsis not yet fully commercialized.Ethanol manufacturing from maize uses water duringgrinding, liquefaction, fermentation, separation and drying.
496Biofuel co-products as livestock feed – Opportunities and challengesFIGURE 15Irrigation rate for irrigated maize by USDA Region100908010761Irrigation Applied (cm)706050403098543220100R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10USDA Farm Region19982003 2008Sources: USDA, 2003, 2008.FIGURE 16Water inputs and outputs for bio-ethanol production and oil refiningEvaporationWater for process, cooling, and boilerFuel Procesing/Production PlantCooling tower water driftingProduct and co-productProcess discharge, blow-downTreated water recycleSource: Wu and Chiu, 2011.The process also consumes water as a source of cooling andheating. Figure 16 depicts the division among water sinksduring ethanol production, the most significant of whichare the cooling tower and the dryer.Water management practices in maize farming andethanol production are favourably affecting ethanol’s waterconsumption footprint. Although the feedstock productionphase is generally the most water-intensive phase ina biofuels’ life cycle, water management practices in theagricultural sector are improving such that the volume ofirrigation water declined 27 percent over the last 20 yearswhile maize yields consistently increased. Data from differentsources (Figure 17) illustrate that water use duringethanol production is also decreasing. Water stewardshippractices in ethanol production include increasing processwater recycling and steam integration. Plant siting at alocation where the facility will not unduly affect groundwaterlevels is also critical to reducing the water impacts ofethanol production.Table 7 outlines water consumption during growth,harvesting and conversion of maize to ethanol for USDARegions Five, Six and Seven. In this table, consumptivewater during crop production (irrigation) and conversion isdivided between maize ethanol and its co-product, DDGS,based upon a heuristic that in dry-mill plants, one-thirdof the carbon in the maize kernel is converted to each
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BIOFUEL CO-PRODUCTS AS LIVESTOCK FE
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Recommended citationFAO. 2012. Biof
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vco-products to swine - Feeding cru
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viiCHAPTER 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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ixPrefaceHumans are faced with majo
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xviiiWBPWCGFWDGWDGSWDGSHWPCWTWWWNSK
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10Biofuel co-products as livestock
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35Chapter 3Impact of United States
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Impact of United States biofuels co
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101Chapter 6Hydrogen sulphide: synt
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Hydrogen sulphide in cattle fed co-
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155Chapter 8Utilization of crude gl
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Utilization of crude glycerin in be
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209Chapter 11Co-products from biofu
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Co-products from biofuel production
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275Chapter 15Sustainable and compet
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Sustainable and competitive use of
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291Chapter 16Scope for utilizing su
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Scope for utilizing sugar cane baga
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303Chapter 17Camelina sativa in pou
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Camelina sativa in poultry diets: o
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311Chapter 18Utilization of lipid c
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Utilization of lipid co-products of
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351Chapter 21Use of detoxified jatr
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379Chapter 22Use of Pongamia glabra
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403Chapter 23Co-products of the Uni
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Co-products of the United States bi
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Page 486 and 487: 467Chapter 26An assessment of the p
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Page 542 and 543: 523Contributing authorsSouheila Abb
Page 544 and 545: Contributing authors 525for the Fee
Page 546 and 547: Contributing authors 527Friederike
Page 548 and 549: Contributing authors 529Sustainable
Page 550 and 551: Contributing authors 531During the
Page 552: Contributing authors 533(Hons.) and
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Biofuel co-products as livestock feed - Opportunities and challenges

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